Baptist preacher. Delegate to the First Continental Congress. Founded Rhode Island College, later Brown University. Learn about Backus here.

• A History of New-England, with particular reference to the denomination of Christians called Baptists. Containing the first principles and settlements of the country; the rise and increase of the Baptist churches therein; the intrusion of arbitrary power under the cloak of religion; the Christian testimonies of the Baptists and others against the same, with their sufferings under it, from the begining [sic] to the present time. Collected from most authentic records and writings, both ancient and modern. By Isaac Backus, Pastor of the First Baptist Church in Middleborough. [Four lines of quotations]. Vol. 1 of 3. Boston, 1777[-1796]. 575 pp.
• A Church history of New-England, with particular reference to the denomination of Christians called Baptists. Containing the first principles and settlements of the country; the rise and increase of the Baptist churches therein; the intrusion of arbitrary power under the cloak of religion; the Christian testimonies of the Baptists and others against the same, with their sufferings under it, from the begining [sic] to the present time. Collected from most authentic records and writings, both ancient and modern. By Isaac Backus, Pastor of the First Baptist Church in Middleborough. [Four lines of quotations]. Vol. 2 of 3. Extending from 1690, to 1784. Boston, 1777[-1796]. 447 pp.
• A Church history of New-England. Extending from 1783 to 1796. Vol. III. By Isaac Backus, Boston [Mass.], 1796. 336 pp. Vol. 3 of 3.
• Spiritual ignorance causeth men to counter-act their doctrinal knowledge. A discourse from Acts xiii. 27. By Isaac Backus, Pastor of a church of Providence, in New-England, M.DCC.LXIII. [1763]. 31 pp.
• True faith will produce good works. A discourse, wherein are opened the nature of faith, and its powerful influence on the heart and life; Boston, 1767. 93 pp.
• A Fish caught in his own net. An examination of nine sermons, from Matt. 16. 18. published last year, by Mr Joseph Fish of Stonington; wherein he labours to prove, that those called standing churches in New-England, are built upon the rock, and upon the same principles with the first fathers of this country: and that Separates and Baptists are joining with the gates of hell against them. In answer to which; many of his mistakes are corrected; the constitution of those churches opened; the testimonies of prophets and apostles, and also of many of those fathers are produced, which as plainly condemn his plan, as any Separate or Baptist can do. By Isaac Backus. Pastor of a church of Christ in Middleborough. [Six lines of quotations]. Boston, MDCCLXVIII. [1768].
• A Seasonable plea for liberty of conscience, against some late oppressive proceedings; particularly in the town of Berwick, in the county of York. Boston, 1770. 46 pp.
• A Letter to a gentleman in the Massachusetts General Assembly, concerning taxes to support religious worship. [One line from Elihu] 1771. 22, [2] pp. 20 cm. (4to)
• An Appeal to the Public for Religious Liberty, Against the Oppressions of the Present Day. [Three lines from Galatians]. Boston, MDCCLXXIII. [1773]. 62 pp. Also here.
  The true liberty of man is, to know, obey and enjoy his Creator, and to do all the good unto, and enjoy all the happiness with and in his fellow-creatures that he is capable of; in order to which the law of love was written in his heart, which carries in it's nature union and benevolence to being in general, and to each being in particular, according to it's nature and excellency, and to its relation and connexion to and with the supreme Being, and ourselves. Each rational soul, as he is a part of the whole system of rational beings, so it was and is, both his duty and his liberty to regard the good of the whole in all his actions. To love ourselves, and truly to seek our own welfare, is both our liberty and our indispensible duty; but the conceit that man could advance either his honor or happiness, by disobedience instead of obedience, was first injected by the father of lies, and all such conceits ever since are as false as he is.
• Government and Liberty described: and ecclesiastical tyranny exposed. Massachusetts-state: Boston, [1778]. 19 pp.
• Policy, as well as honesty, forbids the use of secular force in religious affairs. Massachusetts-state: Boston, 1779. 25 pp.
• Truth is great, and will prevail. [Two lines of Scripture texts]. 1781. 36, 8 pp. 19 cm. (4to).
• The doctrine of universal salvation examined and refuted . Containing, a concise and distinct answer to the writings of Mr. Relly, and Mr. Winchester, upon that subject. By Isaac Backus, Preacher of the Gospel. [Three lines from Jude] 1782. 40 pp. 19 cm. (4to)
• A Door opened for equal Christian liberty, and no man can shut it. This proved by plain facts. [Five lines of Scripture texts] 1783. 15, [1] pp. 21 cm. (4to)
• Godliness excludes slavery. [Two lines from I Corinthians] 1785.
• An Address to the inhabitants of New-England, concerning the present bloody controversy therein. Boston: Printed and sold by S. Hall, 1787. 6 pp.; 19 cm.
• Hovey, Alvah. A Memoir of the life and times of the Rev. Isaac Backus, A.M.. Boston, 1858. 381 pp.

American statesman, signer of the Constitution, a framer of the Bill of Rights in the First Congress and the founder of the University of Georgia (President, 1785-1801). Learn about Baldwin here.

• Charter of the University of Georgia Preamble. "As it is the distinguishing happiness of free governments that civil Order should be the Result of choice and not necessity, and the common wishes of the People become the Laws of the Land, their public prosperity and even existence very much depends upon suitably forming the minds and morals of their Citizens. When the Minds of people in general are viciously disposed and unprincipled and their Conduct disorderly, a free government will be attended with greater Confusions and with Evils more horrid than the wild, uncultivated State of Nature. It can only be happy where the public principles and Opinions are properly directed and their Manners regulated. This is an influence beyond the Stretch of Laws and punishments and can be claimed only by Religion and Education. It should therefore be among the first objects of those who wish well to the national prosperity to encourage and support the principles of Religion and morality, and early to place the youth under the forming hand of Society that by instruction they may be moulded to the love of Virtue and good Order."
• Charles C. Jones. Biographical Sketches of the Delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, 1891)

First dean of the Woman's College at Duke University. Read about Baldwin here, here, and here.

• The New England Clergy and the American Revolution. Durham, N.C., Duke University Press, 1928. xiii, 222 pp. 24 cm.

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. Read about Baldwin here.

• A General view of the origin and nature of the Constitution and government of the United States, deduced from the political history and condition ... Philadelphia, 1837. 204 pp.

• Barnes vs. Inhabitants of the First Parish in Falmouth. N.p., c.1810. 16 pp. Contained in 6 Mass. Reports, p. 404, &c.
  "The object of a free civil government is the promotion and security of the happiness of the citizens. These effects cannot be produced, but by the knowledge and practice of our moral duties, which comprehend all the social and civil obligations of man to man, and the citizen to the State. If the civil magistrate in any State, could procure by his regulations an uniform practice of these duties, the government of that State would be perfect.
  "To obtain that perfection, it is not enough for the magistrate to define the rights of the several citizens, as they are related to life, liberty, property and reputation, and to punish those by whom they may be invaded. Wise laws, made to this end, and faithfully executed, may leave the people strangers to many of the enjoyments of civil and social life, without which their happiness will be extremely imperfect. Human laws cannot oblige to the performance of the duties of imperfect obligation; as the duties of charity and hospitality, benevolence and good neighbourhood; as the duties resulting from the relation of husband and wife, parent and child; of man to man as children of a common parent; and of real patriotism, by influencing every citizen to love his country, and to obey all its laws. These are moral duties, flowing from the disposition of the heart, and not subject to the control of human legislation.
  "Neither can the laws prevent by temporal punishment, secret offences committed without witness, to gratify malice, revenge, or any other passion, by assailing the most important and most estimable rights of others. For human tribunals cannot proceed against any crimes unless ascertained by evidence; and they are destitute of all power to prevent the commission of offences, unless by the feeble examples exhibited in the punishment of those who may be detected.
  "Civil government, therefore, availing itself only of its own powers, is extremely defective; and unless it could derive assistance from some superior power, whose laws extend to the temper and disposition of the human heart, and before whom no offence is secret; wretched indeed would be the state of man under a civil constitution of any form.
  "This most manifest truth has been felt by legislators in all ages; and as man is born not only a social but a religious being, so in the pagan world, false and absurd systems of religion were adopted and patronized by the magistrate, to remedy the defects necessarily existing in a government merely civil.
  "On these principles tested by the experience of mankind, and by the reflections of reason, the people of Massachusetts, in the frame of their government, adopted and patronized a religion, which by its benign and energetic influences, might co-operate with human institutions, to promote and secure the happiness of the citizens, so far as might be consistent with the imperfections of man.
  "In selecting a religion, the people were not exposed to the hazard of choosing a false and defective religious system; Christianity had long been promulgated, its pretensions and excellencies well known, and its divine authority admitted. This religion was found to rest on the basis of immortal truth; to contain a system of morals adapted to man in all possible ranks and conditions, situations and circumstances, by conforming to which he would be ameliorated and improved in all the relations of human life; and to furnish the most efficacious sanctions, by bringing to light a future state of retribution. And this religion as understood by Protestants, tending by its effects to make every man, submitting to its influences, a better husband, parent, child, neighbour, citizen and magistrate, was, by the people, established as a fundamental and essential part of their Constitution.
  "The manner in which this establishment was made, is liberal, and consistent with the rights of conscience on religious subjects. As religious opinions, and the time and manner of expressing the homage due to the Governor of the Universe, are points depending on the sincerity and belief of each individual, and do not concern the public interest, care is taken in the second article of the Declaration of Rights, to guard these points from the interference of the civil magistrate; and no man can be hurt, molested or restrained in his person, liberty or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience, or for his religious profession or sentiment, provided he does not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship; in which case he is punished, not for his religious opinions or worship, but because he interrupts others in the enjoyment of the rights he claims for himself, or because he has broken the public peace.
  "Having secured liberty of conscience, on the subject of religious opinion and worship for every man, whether Protestant or Catholic, Jew, Mahometan or Pagan, the Constitution then provides for the public teaching of the precepts and maxims of the religion of Protestant Christians to all the people. And for this purpose, it is made the right and duty of all corporate religious societies to elect and support a public Protestant teacher of piety, religion and morality; and the election and support of the teacher depend exclusively on the will of a majority of each society incorporated for those purposes. As public instruction requires persons who may be taught, every citizen may be enjoined to attend on some one of those teachers, at times and seasons stated by law, if there be any on whose instructions he can conscientiously attend.
  "In the election and support of a teacher, every member of the corporation is bound by the will of the majority; but as the great object of this provision was to secure the election and support of public Protestant teachers by corporate societies, and some members of any corporation might be of a sect or denomination of Protestant Christians different from the majority of the members, and might choose to unite with other Protestant Christians of their own sect or denomination, in maintaining a public teacher, who by law was entitled to support, and on whose instruction they usually attended; indulgence was granted, that persons thus situated might have the money they contributed to the support of public worship, and of the public teachers aforesaid, appropriated to the support of the teacher, on whose instructions they should attend.
  "Several objections have at times been made to this establishment, which may be reduced to three: that when a man disapproves of ally religion, or of any supposed doctrine of any religion, to compel him by law to contribute money for public instruction in such religion, or doctrine, is an infraction of his liberty of conscience;--that to compel a man to pay for public religious instructions, on which he does not attend, and from which he can, therefore, derive no benefit is unreasonable and intolerant; -- and that it is anti-Christian for any State to avail itself of the precepts and maxims of Christianity to support civil government; because the founder of it has declared, that his kingdom is not of this world.
  "These objections go to the authority of the people to make this Constitution, which is not proper nor competent for us to bring into question. And although we are not able, and have no inclination to assume the character of theologians, yet it may not be improper to make a few short observations, to defend our Constitution from the charges of persecution, intolerance and impiety.
  "When it is remembered, that no man is compellable to attend on any religious instruction, which he conscientiously disapproves; and that he is absolutely protected in the most perfect freedom of conscience in his religious opinions and worship; the first objection seems to mistake a man's conscience for his money, and to deny the State a right of levying and of appropriating the money of the citizens, at the will of the Legislature, in which they are all represented. But as every citizen derives the security of his property, and the fruits of his industry from the power of the State; so, as the price of this protection, he is bound to contribute in common withhis fellow-citizens for the public use, so much of his property and for such public uses, as the State shall direct. And if any individual can lawfully withhold his contribution, because he dislikes the appropriation, the authority of the State to levy taxes would be annihilated; and without money it would soon cease to have any authority. But all monies raised and appropriated for public uses by any corporation, pursuant to powers derived from the State, are raised and appropriated substantially by the authority of the State. And the people in their Constitution, instead of devolving the support of public teachers on the corporations by whom they should be elected, might have directed their support to be defrayed out of the public treasury, to be reimbursed by the levying and collection of state taxes. And against this mode of support, the objection of an individual disapproving of the object of the public taxes, would have the same weight it can have, against the mode of public support through the medium of corporate taxation. In either case, it can have no weight to maintain a charge of persecution for conscience sake. The great error lies in not distinguishing between liberty of conscience in religious opinions and worship, and the right of appropriating money by the State. The former is an unalienable right, the latter is surrendered to the State as the price of protection.
  "The second objection is, that it is intolerant to compel a man to pay for religious instruction, from which, as he does not hear it, he can derive no benefit. This objection is founded wholly in mistake. The object of public religious instruction is, to teach and to enforce by suitable arguments, the practice of a system of correct morals among the people, and to form and cultivate reasonable and just habits and manners; by which every man's person and property are protected from outrage; and his personal and social enjoyments promoted and multiplied. From these effects every man derives the most important benefits, and whether he be or be not an auditor of any public teacher, he receives more solid and permanent advantages from this public instruction, than the administration of justice in courts of law can give him. The like objection may be made by any man to the support of public schools if he have no family who attend; and any man who has no law suit may object to the support of judges and jurors on the same ground; when if there were no courts of law, he would unfortunately find that causes for law suits would sufficiently abound.
  "The last objection is founded upon the supposed anti-Christian conduct of the State, in availing itself of the precepts and maxims of Christianity, for the purposes of a more excellent civil government. It is admitted that the founder of this religion did not intend to erect a temporal dominion, agreeably to the prejudices of his countrymen; but to reign in the hearts of men by subduing their irregular appetites and propensities, and by moulding their passions to the noblest purposes. And it is one great excellence of his religion, that not pretending to worldly pomp and power, it is calculated and accommodated to ameliorate the conduct and condition of man under any form of civil government.
  "The objection goes further, and complains that Christianity is not left for its Promulgation and support, to the means designed by its author, who requires not the assistance of man to effect his purposes and intentions. Our Constitution certainly provides for the punishment of many breaches of the laws of Christianity; not for the purpose of propping up the Christian religion, but because those breaches are offences against the laws of the State; and it is a civil, as well as religious duty of the magistrate, not to bear the sword in vain. But there are many precepts of Christianity, of which the violation cannot be punished by human laws; and as the obedience to them is beneficial to civil society, the State has wisely taken care that they should be taught and also enforced by explaining their moral and religious sanctions, as they cannot be enforced by temporal punishments. And from the genius and temper of this religion, and from the benevolent character of its author, we must conclude that it is his intention, that man should be benefited by it in his civil and political relations, as well as in his individual capacity And it remains for the objector to prove, that the patronage of Christianity by the civil magistrate induced by the tendency of its Precepts to form good citizens, is not one of the means, by which the knowledge of its doctrines was intended to be disseminated and preserved among the human race.
  "The last branch of the objection rests on the very correct position, that the faith and precepts of the Christian religion are so interwoven that they must be taught together; whence it is inferred, that the State by enjoining instruction in its precepts, interferes with its doctrines, and assumes a Power not entrusted to any human authority.
  "If the State claimed the absurd power of directing or controlling the faith of the citizens, there might be some ground for the objection. But no such power is claimed. The authority derived from the Constitution extends no further than to submit to the understandings of the people, the evidence of truths deemed of public utility, leaving the weight of the evidence and the tendency of those truths, to the conscience of every man.
  "Indeed this objection must come from a willing objector; for it extends in its consequences, to prohibit the State from providing for public instruction in many branches of useful knowledge which naturally tend to defeat the arguments of infidelity, to illustrate the doctrines of the Christian religion, and to confirm the faith of its professors.
  "As Christianity has the promise not only of this, but of a future life; it cannot be denied that public instruction in piety, religion and morality by Protestant teachers, may have a beneficial effect beyond the present state of existence. And the people are to be applauded, as well for their benevolence as for their wisdom, that in selecting a religion, whose precepts and sanctions might supply the defects in civil government, necessarily limited in its power, and supported only by temporal penalties, they adopted a religion founded in truth; which in its tendency will protect our property here, and may secure to us an inheritance in another and a better country."
  
• Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In the House of Representatives, Feb. 8th, 1811. Ordered, that the reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court be requested to lay before this House a copy of the report of the case of Thomas Barnes, plaintiff against the First Parish in the town of Falmouth. Boston, February 14, 1811. Sir, I enclose, herewith a copy of the report ... Dudley A. Tyng, reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court. . At the Supreme Judicial Court, May term, 1810, in Cumberland. 18 pp.

Army officer and politician.

• Colonel Barré's Speech in the British Parliament, 1765, on the Stamp-Act Bill. Published in The Columbian Orator, 1797 (This is the 15th Edition, April 1812).

• Lives of Illustrious Men of America, distinguished in the annals of the republic as legislators, warriors, and Philosophers. Cincinnati, W. A. Clarke, 1859. 934 pp. Also here.

American physician and statesman. Delegate to the Continental Congress for New Hampshire. Signer of the Declaration of Independence. Later, Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature and Governor of New Hampshire. Read about Bartlett here, here and here.

Proclamation for a Day of Fasting and Prayer, March 17, 1792. "... I do ernestly recommend it to Ministers and People of all denominations, to assemble on that day in their usual places of public worship, and with true contrition of heart, to confess before God their aggravated transgressions and to implore his pardon and forgiveness through the merits and mediation of Jesus Christ ... And above all, that the knowledge of the Gospel of Jesus Christ may be made known to all nations, pure and undefiled religion universally prevail, and the earth be fill with the glory of the Lord."

Founder of Wallbuilders. Read about Barton here.

• Affidavit in Support of the Ten Commandments Footnoted version, PDF file: here.
• Is America No Longer a Christian Nation? Posted April 2009. Topics covered: Defining a Christian Nation; American Presidents Affirm that America is a Christian Nation; The U. S. Congress Affirms that America is a Christian Nation; The Judicial Branch Affirms that America is a Christian Nation; American Jewish Leaders Agree with History.
• "One Nation, Under God" Posted September 27, 2011.
• " President Eisenhower's One Nation Under God" Posted February 6, 2012.
  • George M. Docherty. "A New Birth of Freedom". A Lincoln Day sermon on February 7, 1954, preached to a congregation that included President Eisenhower. Published in Docherty, One Way of Living, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1958, "One Nation Under God," p. 158.
• Five Judicial Myths. Posted February 2009. 1. The Judiciary is not a Co-Equal Branch of Government. 2. The Judiciary is not to Be an Independent Branch of Government. 3. The Judiciary is not the Sole Branch Capable of Determining Constitutionality. 4. Federal Judges do not Hold Lifetime Appointments. 5. The Purpose of the Supreme Court is not to Protect the Minority from the Majority, And Congress is a Better Protector of Minority Rights than is the Judiciary.
• The American Revolution: Was it an Act of Biblical Rebellion? Posted May 2009. "The topic of civil disobedience and resistance to governing authorities had been a subject of serious theological inquiries for centuries before the Enlightenment. This was especially true during the Reformation, when the subject was directly addressed by theologians such as Frenchman John Calvin, German Martin Luther, Swiss Reformation leader Huldreich Zwingli, and numerous others."

  ... "The second Scriptural viewpoint overwhelmingly embraced by most Americans during the Revolutionary Era was that God would not honor an offensive war, but that He did permit civil self-defense (e.g., Nehemiah 4:13-14 & 20-21, Zechariah 9:8, 2 Samuel 10:12, etc.). The fact that the American Revolution was an act of self-defense and was not an offensive war undertaken by the Americans remained a point of frequent spiritual appeal for the Founding Fathers."

• Early American Education. Posted April 2, 2010.
• John Locke: Deist or Theologian?
• John Locke: A Philosophical Founder of America. Posted September 23, 2011.
  • Greg Forster. David Barton's Errors. Posted Wednesday, August 8, 2012, 2:27 PM
• Franklin's Appeal for Prayer at the Constitutional Convention .
• Was George Washington a Christian?
• Christmas With the Presidents. Posted December 2008.
• Christmas -- as Celebrated by the Presidents. Posted December 2010.
• Letters Between the Danbury Baptists and Thomas Jefferson.
• The Founders as Christians.
• The Founders on Gambling.
• The Founders and Public Religious Expressions.
• The Founders on Public Religious Expression.
• The Founding Fathers on Jesus, Christianity and the Bible.
• The Founding Fathers and Slavery.
• George Washington, Thomas Jefferson & Slavery in Virginia.
• Confronting Civil War Revisionism: Why The South Went To War. Posted December 2008.
• 4th of July Article.
• Importance of Morality and Religion in Government.
• The Importance of Voting and Christian Involvement in the Political Arena.
• Republic v. Democracy.
• Thanksgiving in America. Posted November 2002.
• Celebrating Thanksgiving In America. Posted November 2008.
• Treaty of Tripoli.
• Was the American Revolution a Biblically Justified Act?
• The Practical Benefit of Christianity.

Vicar of Whaplode.

• The Necessity and advantage of religious principles in the soldiery. A military sermon, preached before Sir George Savile's regiment of Yorkshire. London, 1778. 18 pp.

Puritan divine. Learn more about Baxter here and here.

• A Call to the unconverted to turn and live and accept of mercy while mercy may be had, as ever they would find mercy in the day of their extremity. From the living God. By his unworthy servant Richard Baxter. To be read in families where any are unconverted. London: printed for N. Simmons at the Princes Arms in St. Paul's Church-yard, 1678. [38], 188, 38 pp. Folger Shakespeare Library. Welsh version -- see also here.
• Causes and Danger -- see also here.
• Practical Works.
• Christian Biography -- Part 1; Part 2

• A Sermon delivered before His Excellency Jonas Galusha, Esquire, governor of the state of Vermont, at Montpelier on the day of general election, Oct. 8, 1812. Montpelier, Vt.: Wright and Sibley, 1812. 24 pp.
• Election Sermon (1812). Introduction by David Barton.

Read about Bedford here and here. Disclaimer: He served as Grand Master of the Delaware Masonic Lodge.

• Funeral Oration Upon the Death of General George Washington: Prepared at the request of the Masonic Lodge, no. 14, of Wilmington, state of Delaware, and delivered on St. John the Evangelist's day, being the 27th of December, anno lucis 5799; and now published at the particular desire of the Lodge. / By Gunning Bedford, A.M.; [Two lines in Latin from Horace]Wilmington: James Wilson, 1800.
  "To the triune God - the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost - be ascribed all honor and dominion, forevermore - Amen." p. 18.

Massachusetts governor. Read more about Governor Belcher here, here and here.

• Governor Jonathan Belcher's Proclamation for Day of Thanksgiving (1730).
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq, ... A proclamation for a publick thanksgiving: ... Thursday the twelfth of November next ... Given at the Council chamber in Roxbury the fourteenth day of October 1730.
• "November Thanksgiving Thursday": Origins of Fourth Thursday of November as Thanksgiving Day (includes Governor Jonathan Belcher's Proclamation for Day of Thanksgiving (1749)).
• Governor Jonathan Belcher's Proclamation for Day of Prayer (1731).
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esq; ... A proclamation for a general thanksgiving: ... Thursday the twenty-eighth of this instant October ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston the fifth day of October 1731.
• Governor Jonathan Belcher's Proclamation for Day of Prayer (1734).
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for a publick thanksgiving ... Thursday the seventh day of November next.
• Governor Jonathan Belcher's Proclamation for Day of Prayer (1735).
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for a publick fast : ... Thursday the twenty-seventh day of March next ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston, the twenty-fifth day of February 1734 [1735 N.S.]
• Governor Jonathan Belcher's Proclamation for Day of Thanksgiving (1730).
• Governor Jonathan Belcher's Proclamation Concerning International Peace Treaty (1730) .
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation: Whereas a treaty of peace, union, friendship & mutual defence between the crowns of Great Britain, France & Spain was concluded at Seville on the ninth day of November one thousand seven hundred & twenty-nine ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston the [illegible] day of August 1730.
• Governor Jonathan Belcher's Proclamation for Declaratory Judgment for Restitution to Victims of Pirates (1731).
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation: Whereas His Majesty hath received repeated complaints, that the trade of his subjects in the West-Indies, and else-where, suffers much damage and molestation from piratical vessels ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston, the sixth day of April, 1731.
• Governor Jonathan Belcher's Proclamation for Bringing a Criminal to Justice (1733).
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for apprehending Gyles du Lake Tidmarsh
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for a publick thanksgiving: ... Thursday the twenty-sixth of October next ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston the twenty-sixth day of September 1732.
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for a general fast: ... Thursday the sixth day of April next ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston the third day of March 1731 [new style, 1732].
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for a general fast: ... Thursday the twenty-sixth day of February next ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston, the thirty-first day of January 1740 [1741 N.S.].
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for a general fast: ... Thursday the twenty-third of April next ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston, the twenty-seventh day of March 1741.
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for a publick thanksgiving: ... Thursday the twenty-second of November next ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston, the thirtieth day of October 1733.
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for a publick thanksgiving: ... Thursday the thirteenth day of November next ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston, the eighth day of October 1735.
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esq; ... A proclamation for a publick thanksgiving: ... Thursday the seventeenth day of November next ... Given at the Council chamber in Salisbury, the eighteenth day of October 1737.
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esq; ... A proclamation for a general thanksgiving: ... Thursday the twenty-third day of November next ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston, the twenty-eighth day of October 1738.
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for a Publick Thanksgiving. : ... Thursday the thirteenth day of November next.
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; ... A proclamation for a general fast: ... Thursday the first day of April next ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston, the twenty-sixth day of February, 1735 [new style, 1736].
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esq; ... A proclamation for preventing disorders on the Lord's-Day: ... Given at the Council chamber in Boston, the twenty-fifth day of August 1739.
• By His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq ... A proclamation: Whereas the establishment of peace and friendship between His Majesty's subjects, and the Shawanese and Delaware Indians, have been earnestly sought by the government of Pennsylvania, and negociations were actually carrying on for bringing about those salutary purposes, ... Given under my hand and seal, at arms, at the borough of Elizabeth, this twenty-third day of July ... annoque Domini, one thousand seven hundred and fifty-six.
• Governor Jonathan Belcher Promotes Christianity and Morality. "In this speech, Governor Jonathan Belcher called upon government to promote Christianity and to encourage the people to reform their lives and morals. This shows that in Colonial times, an American governor could encourage and promote Christianity! The following excerpt of Governor Belcher's speech of December 16, 1730 is from A Journal of the Honourable House of Representatives, At a Great and General Court of Assembly of His Majesty's Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England,... (Boston: Thomas Fleet, 1730)."
• Journal of the Honourable House of Representatives, of His Majesty's province of the Massachusetts-Bay, in New-England: begun and held at Cambridge in the county of Middlesex, on Wednesday the twenty-seventh day of May, annoq; Domini, 1730. Boston: Printed by Thomas Fleet, printer to the Honourable House of Representatives, 1730 [i.e., 1730-1731]
• Governor Jonathan Belcher
• Jonathan Belcher: Christian Governor
• The First Biography of Governor Jonathan Belcher
• About Biographies of Governor Jonathan Belcher
• About the Portraits of Governor Jonathan Belcher
• A Good Ruler in the Emerging Trilateral Center
• The Knighthood of Governor Jonathan Belcher
• The King Commissions Governor Jonathan Belcher
• Celebration of Governor Jonathan Belcher's Appointment
• The Arrival of Governor Jonathan Belcher
• Ministers' Address to Governor Jonathan Belcher
• Governor Jonathan Belcher: Founder of Princeton University
• Governor Jonathan Belcher and Harvard College
• Belchertown, Massachusetts: Namesake of Governor Jonathan Belcher
• Governor Jonathan Belcher, Champion of Civil and Religious Liberty
• Belcher Foundation. A research organization focusing on topics including history, education, law, and public policy.

  The Belcher Foundation is named for Governor Jonathan Belcher (1682-1757), a dedicated Christian leader who was the colonial governor of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New Jersey, and the founder of Princeton University at Princeton, New Jersey. The name Belcher is composed of the English/French words "bel" and "cher", which means "good cheer."

  The mission of the Belcher Foundation is to research and educate, to publish the results of this research in a variety of formats, and in general, to promote the Christian worldview espoused by leaders such as Governor Jonathan Belcher. Belcher Foundation also engages in other events and activities to support and promote the work of the Foundation.

• Christian Law Library.
• Christian History Library.
• Historical Biographies.

Lawyer. Read about Benedict here.

• The Beginning of America: A Discourse delivered before the New-York historical society on its fifth-ninth anniversary, Tuesday, November 17, 1863. New-York: Printed by J.F. Trow, 1864. 64 pp.; 25 cm.
• Religion in public schools, A Paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Education at their third session, held at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August, 1853. Newark, N.J.: A. Stephen Holbrook, printer, 1854. 26 pp.; 23 cm.

Legal scholar. Learn more about Berman here. Our thanks to Dr. Berman for his permission to offer the items below.

• Love for Justice: The Influence of Christianity upon the Development of Law [PDF -- the Oklahoma Law Review grants permission for non-profits to reproduce this, provided the author and journal is named and notice of copyright is offered]
• Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective," The Journal of Law And Religion, Volume 1 (1983), pp. 3-43.
• The Western Legal Tradition in a Millennial Perspective: Past and Future," The Edward Douglas White Lecture, Louisiana State University, Louisiana Law Review, Volume 60 (2000), pp. 739-763.

• The Relation of the Sunday-school system to our Christian patriotism: Annual sermon in behalf of the American Sunday-School Union: delivered at Philadelphia, May 16, 1847. Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union, 1847. 25 pp.

A descendant of the Huguenots.

• The Indians, or, Narratives of massacres and depredations on the frontier in Wawasink and its vicinity during the American Revolution interspersed with reflections on the providence of God: with an appendix containing brief notices of natural curiosities and objects of interest in Wawasink. Rondout, N.Y.: For sale at the Print. Office of Bradbury & Wells; New York: At the Office of the Christian intelligencer, (New York: John A. Gray, printer), 1846. 79 pp.

Textbook writer. Read about Bingham here.

• The American Preceptor; being a new selection of lessons for reading and speaking: designed for the use of schools. By Caleb Bingham, A.M. Author of the Columbian orator, Child's companion, etc. The first New-York (from the fifth) edition, 1800. iv, [1] 6-228 p. 18 cm. (12mo)
• The Columbian Orator, containing a variety of original and selected pieces; together with rules; calculated to improve youth and others in the ornamental and useful art of eloquence. By Caleb Bingham, A.M. author of The American preceptor, Young lady's accidence, etc. [Three lines from Rollin] Published according to act of Congress. Third edition. 300 pp. 18 cm. (12mo)
• The Columbian Orator. 15th edition. Boston, 1812. 287 pp.

  Frederick Douglass: When I was about thirteen years old, and had succeeded in learning to read, every increase of knowledge, especially anything respecting the free states, was an additional weight to the almost intolerable burden of my thought--"I am a slave for life." To my bondage I could see no end. It was a terrible reality, and I shall never be able to tell how sadly that thought chafed my young spirit. Fortunately, or unfortunately, I had earned a little money in blacking boots for some gentlemen, with which I purchased of Mr. Knight, on Thames street, what was then a very popular school book, viz., "The Columbian Orator," for which I paid fifty cents. I was led to buy this book by hearing some little boys say they were going to learn some pieces out of it for the exhibition. This volume was indeed a rich treasure, and every opportunity afforded me, for a time, was spent in diligently perusing it. Among much other interesting matter, that which I read again and again with unflagging satisfaction was a short dialogue between a master and his slave. The slave is represented as having been recaptured in a second attempt to run away; and the master opens the dialogue with an upbraiding speech, charging the slave with ingratitude, and demanding to know what he has to say in his own defense. Thus upbraided and thus called upon to reply, the slave rejoins that he knows how little anything that he can say will avail, seeing that he is completely in the hands of his owner; and with noble resolution, calmly says, "I submit to my fate." Touched by the slave's answer, the master insists upon his further speaking, and recapitulates the many acts of kindness which he has performed toward the slave, and tells him he is permitted to speak for himself. Thus invited, the quondam slave made a spirited defense of himself, and thereafter the whole argument for and against slavery is brought out. The master was vanquished at every turn in the argument, and appreciating the fact he generously and meekly emancipates the slave, with his best wishes for his prosperity. It is unnecessary to say that a dialogue with such an origin and such an end, read by me when every nerve of my being was in revolt at my own condition as a slave, affected me most powerfully. I could not help feeling that the day might yet come, when the well-directed answers made by the slave to the master, in this instance, would find a counterpart in my own experience. This, however, was not all the fanaticism which I found in the Columbian Orator. I met there one of Sheridan's mighty speeches, on the subject of Catholic Emancipation, Lord Chatham's speech on the American War, and speeches by the great William Pitt, and by Fox. These were all choice documents to me, and I read them over and over again, with an interest ever increasing, because it was ever gaining in intelligence; for the more I read them the better I understood them. The reading of these speeches added much to my limited stock of language, and enabled me to give tongue to many interesting thoughts which had often flashed through my mind and died away for want of words in which to give them utterance. The mighty power and heart-searching directness of truth penetrating the heart of a slaveholder, compelling him to yield up his earthly interests to the claims of eternal justice, were finely illustrated in the dialogue, and from the speeches of Sheridan I got a bold and powerful denunciation of oppression and a most brilliant vindication of the rights of man. Here was indeed a noble acquisition. If I had ever wavered under the consideration that the Almighty, in some way, had ordained slavery and willed my enslavement for his own glory, I wavered no longer. I had now penetrated to the secret of all slavery and all oppression, and had ascertained their true foundation to be in the pride, the power, and the avarice of man. With a book in my hand so redolent of the principles of liberty, with a perception of my own human nature and the facts of my past and present experience, I was equal to a contest with the religious advocates of slavery, whether white or black, for blindness in this matter was not confined to the white people. I have met many good religious colored people at the south, who were under the delusion that God required them to submit to slavery and to wear their chains with meekness and humility. I could entertain no such nonsense as this, and I quite lost my patience when I found a colored man weak enough to believe such stuff.

• The Columbian Orator. 1832 edition. Electronic edition: Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Digital Research Library, 1999.
• The Influence of The Columbian Orator.

English Jurist. Knighted in 1770. Read more about Blackstone here and here and here.

• Commentaries on the laws of England: in four books. From the last London edition, with the last corrections of the author. / by Edward Christian. Volume 1 of 4. New-York, 1822. Extracts: Introduction, "On the Study of Law" and "Of the Nature of Laws in General".

  "Divine Providence, which, in compassion to the frailty, the imperfection, and the blindness of human reason, hath been pleased, in sundry times and diverse manners, to discover and enforce its laws by an immediate and direct revelation. The doctrines thus delivered we call the revealed or divine law, and they are to be found only in the Holy Scriptures"

  • Commentaries on the laws of England: in four books. From the last London edition, with the last corrections of the author. / by Edward Christian. Volume 1 of 4. New-York, 1822. Extract: The Rights of Persons: Of the Clergy.
    Edward S. Corwin, "The Higher Law Background of American Constitution Law," Harvard Law Review, v. 42, 1928: The phrase "pursuit of happiness" was probably suggested by Blackstone's statement that the law of nature boils down to "one paternal precept, that man should pursue his own true and substantial happiness."
    • Rule of Law in Colonial Massachusetts. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 108, Issue 7 (May 1960), pp. 1001-1036.
  • Commentaries on the laws of England: in four books. From the last London edition., with the last corrections of the author. / by Edward Christian. Volume 4 of 4. New-York, 1822. Extracts: Contents, "Of Offenses Against God and Religion".
  • Commentaries on the laws of England: in four books. From the last London edition, with the last corrections of the author. / by Edward Christian. Volume 4 of 4. New-York, 1822. Extracts: Contents, "Of the Benefit of Clergy".
• Christian, Edward. Preface and "Life of the Author," from Blackstone, William, Commentaries on the laws of England: in four books: with an analysis of the work.. From the 19th London edition. / with a life of the author and notes by Edward Christian, plus Chitty, Lee, Hovenden, and Ryland, and also references to American cases by a member of the New-York Bar."/ Includes bibliographical references and index. New York: W.E. Dean, 1853. Vol. 1 of 2. Analysis of Blackstone's work here.

  "The Commentaries of Blackstone continue to be the text book of the student and of the man of general reading, notwithstanding the alterations in the law since the time of their author. The great principles which they unfold remain the same, and are explained in so simple and clear a style, that, however much the details of the law may be changed, they will always be read with interest. It is no small commendation of Blackstone, that many of the modern improvements adopted in England and in the United States were suggested by him: and that the arrangement which he used in treating the different subjects, has been followed in a great degree by the Revisers of the Statutes of New-York.

• William Carey Jones, editor. Commentaries on the Laws of England. San Francisco, Bancroft-Whitney, 1915-1916. Volume 1 of 2. 1598 pp. Volume 2 of 2. 1354 pp.
• Samuel F. Mordecai. Law lectures; a treatise, from a North Carolina standpoint, on those portions of the first and second books of the Commentaries of Sir William Blackstone which have not become obsolete in the United States. Volume 1 of 2. 774 pp. Volume 2 of 2. 760 pp.
• A Reply to Dr. Priestley's Remarks on the fourth volume of the Commentaries on the laws of England. By the author of the Commentaries. London, 1769. 27 pp.
• The Palladium of Conscience; or, The Foundation of religious liberty displayed, asserted, and established, agreeable to its true and genuine principles, above the reach of all petty tyrants, who atempt to lord it over the human mind. Containing Furneaux's Letters to Blackstone. Priestley's Remarks on Blackstone. Blackstone's Reply to Priestley. And Blackstone's Case of the Middlesex-elections; with some other tracts, worthy of high rank in every gentleman's literary repository, being a necessary companion for every lover of religious liberty. And an interesting appendix to Blackstone's Commentaries on the laws of England. 1773. pp. [6], iv, [1], 6-119, [1], xii, 155, [1] p. 23 cm. (8vo and 4to)

Presbyterian; Episcopalian. American politician, Founding Father and jurist. Read about Blair in the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges and here.

• Wickham, Henry Taylor, 1849- . An Address by Henry T. Wickham, esq., of Virginia, at a special session of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, held at Philadelphia, Pa., Tuesday, May sixth, 1913, on the occasion of the presentation on behalf of the Virginia Bar Association of a portrait of Hon. John Blair, Jr., from 1789 to 1796 a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Richmond? Va., 1913. 30 pp. incl. front. (port.) 26 cm. "The state of Virginia was originally included in the Middle Circuit, the predecessor of the Third Circuit. This portrait was presented on behalf of the Virginia Bar Association, by William A. Glasgow, Jr., a member of both the Virginia and the Pennsylvania bars." p. [4].

Biographer. Learn more about Blake here.

• A Biographical Dictionary Comprising a summary account of the lives of the most distinguished persons of all ages, nations, and professions; including more than two thousand articles of American biography. By the Rev. John L. Blake. 13th edition, revised and enlarged. Philadelphia, H. Cowperthwait & co., 1856. 1366 pp., 28 cm. Includes data on prominent Christians of Blake's era.

Baptist preacher. Read about Booth here.

• Commerce in the human species, and the enslaving of innocent persons, inimical to the laws of Moses, and the Gospel of Christ. A sermon, preached in Little Prescot Street, Goodman's Fields, London, Jan. 29, 1792. By Abraham Booth, A.M. Pastor of a Baptist church. [Eight lines of quotations] 40 pp. 16 cm. (8vo)
• An Apology for the Baptists: In Which They Are Vindicated from the Imputation of Laying an Unwarrantable Stress on the Ordinance of Baptism. 1788. 180 pp.

Attorney. Read about Booth here.

• Henry E. Dwight, 1832-1908. (Henry Edwin). The Life and character of Edwin Gilliam Booth, a prominent lawyer, legislator and philanthropist. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1886. 76 pp.: port.; 24 cm.

Boston : Edes and Gill, Weekly, No. 54 (Apr. 12, 1756)-no. 1284 (Apr. 5, 1779).

• "Determinatus." (Samuel Adams) Untitled. Boston Gazette, and Country Journal, n. 770. January 8, 1770, p. 1. Reprinted in The Writings of Samuel Adams: 1770-1773, Volume 2, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906, p. 4. Extract.
  Plus, Untitled article by "Vindex." (Samuel Adams), p. 2. Addresses power of the governor over sessions of General Assembly. Reprinted in The Writings of Samuel Adams: 1770-1773, Volume 2, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1906. p. 1. Extract. Reprinted 1B. P. Poore, The Federal and State Constitutions, 1878, vol. i., p. 949. vol. ii.--i.
• Anonymous. Speech of a Farmer to an Assembly of his Neighbours of Philadelphia County. Boston Gazette, and Country Journal, n. 1088. March 25, 1776, p. 1. Published earlier in Pennsylvania Journal of February 28, 1776. Text-searchable.
  The tyrant who would rob me of my property, because he thinks he has use for it and is able to take it from me, would as soon, for the same reason, rob me of my life, if it stood in his way. But it is God Almighty who gave me my life, and my property as a necessary means, among others, of preserving and enjoying it; and it is He only that hath an absolute and unlimited right and power to take either or both away. Being the Creator, the Supporter, the perfect Ruler and Judge of all the earth, He, only, can do no wrong. Should, therefore, any creature whatsoever, or number of them, dare to usurp this sole prerogative of Heaven over me, I could neither answer it to my Maker, nor my conscience, nor my honour, if I did not resist, though it were to the last drop of my blood. It is in the free enjoyment of those blessings, uncontrolled by any human powers, (except so far as the voice of the society in general, of which we are members, may have resigned a part for the preservation of the whole,) that civil liberty substantially consisteth. Let no one, therefore, wonder, if of all earthly benefits my Creator hath bestowed on me, I do most esteem my liberty. Anarchy, indeed, I deprecate, but tyranny infinitely more. The reason is obvious: the former, like a common surfeit, occasioned by an irregular and intemperate indulgence of the bodily appetites, if but a little helped by simple medicine, will almost always, as I may say, cure itself; whereas the latter, like a devouring cancer, the longer it is let alone without the application of violent caustics, the faster and deeper it will root itself into the frame, until it gnaws out the very life of the body. Government is neither of these; it is an ordinance of Heaven, to restrain the usurpations of wicked men, to secure us in the enjoyments of our natural rights, and to promote the highest political interests and happiness of society. The claims, therefore, of the British Parliament of a power to bind us in all cases whatsoever, to give away our property in what measure and for what purpose they please, and to dispose of our lives as they think proper, when we have no voice in the legislation, nor constitutional power allowed us to check their most violent proceedings, are not of the nature of Government, but in the true and strict sense of the word, Tyranny.
• "Vindex" (Samuel Adams). Untitled. Boston Gazette, and Country Journal, p. 2. Reprinted in The Writings of Samuel Adams: 1778-1802, Volume 4, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1908, pp. 188-191.
  Formerly this great contest was carried on upon paper. The conspirators against the rights and liberties of our country left no art untried, to induce the people to submit to their unrighteous claims. But they were circumvented by our watchful patriots. They were, if I may use the expression, out-reasoned by some, and laughed off the stage by others; and we will never forget those steadfast and persevering friends, who forever prov'd themselves incapable of being brib'd by the soft whispers of flattery, or awed by foul-mouthed calumny and the threats of power. Afterwards the contest became more serious and important. The people of this country were not driven to take up arms, they did it voluntarily in defence of their liberty. They properly considered themselves as called by God, and warranted by Him, to encounter every hazard in the common cause of Man, We have had for several years past a well-appointed Army.?An Army of which both Officers and Privates are daily increasing in discipline?An Army inferior perhaps to none at this time on the face of the earth and headed by a COMMANDER, who feels the Rights of the Citizens in his own breast, and experience has taught us, he knows full well how to defend them.?May Heaven inspire that Army yet more and more with Military Virtues, and teach their hands to war and their fingers to fight! May every citizen in the army and in the country, have a proper sense of the DEITY upon his mind, and an impression of that declaration recorded in the Bible, "Him that honoreth me I will honor, but he that despiseth me shall be lightly esteemed."

Anglican minister. Pr.-Ep. clergyman. British loyalist. Read about Boucher Dictionary of American Biography, Encyclopedia Britannica, and here.

• A Catalogue of the very valuable and extensive library of the late Rev. Jonathan Boucher, To which is added his collection of prints, which will be sold by auction, 1806.
• Reminiscences of an American loyalist, 1738-1789 being the autobiography of the Revd. Jonathan Boucher, Rector of Annapolis in Maryland and afterwards Vicar of Epsom, Surrey, England, Boston, New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1925. xi, 201 pages
• A View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution in thirteen discourses, preached in North America between the years 1763 and 1775: with an historical preface. By Jonathan Boucher, A.M. And F.A.S. Vicar of Epsom in the County of Surrey. London : Printed for G.G. and J. Robinson, Paternoster-Row, 1797. 704 pp. Also here and here.

  TO George Washington Esquire, OF MOUNT VERNON, IN FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA. 4
  PREFACE. 8
  ERRATA. 102
  Main Body 103
  DISCOURSE I. ON THE PEACE IN 1763*. ISAIAH, ch. ii. ver. 4. - They shall beat their swords into plow-shares, and their spears into pruning-books: nation shall not lift up sword against nation; neither... 103
  DISCOURSE II. ON SCHISMS AND SECTS*. JUDGES, ch. xvii. ver. 5, 6. And the man Micah had an house of gods, and made an ephod and teraphim, and consecrated one of his sons, who became his priest. In ... 148
  DISCOURSE III. ON THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE. IN TWO PARTS*. ISAIAH, ch. v. ver. 5, 6, 7. And now, go to, I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard: I will take away the hedge thereof, and it shall ... 191
  DISCOURSE IV. ON AMERICAN EDUCATION*. DEUTERONOMY, ch. vi. ver. 6, 7. And the words which I command thee this day shall be in thine heart. And thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and ... 254
  DISCOURSE V. ON REDUCING THE REVENUE OF THE CLERGY*. PROVERBS, ch. xxiv. ver. 21. My Son, fear thou the Lord, and the King; and meddle not with them that are given to change. 304
  DISCOURSE VI. ON THE TOLERATION OF PAPISTS*. 343
  JOHN, ch. iv. ver. 9. - for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans. 347
  DISCOURSE VII. ON FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES*. PSALM xi. ver. 3. If the foundations be destroyed, what can the righteous do? 398
  DISCOURSE VIII. ON THE STRIFE BETWEEN ABRAM AND LOT*. GENESIS, ch. xiii. ver. 7, 8. And there was a strife between the herdsmen of Abram's cattle, and the berdsmen of Lot's cattle: and the Canaanite ... 429
  DISCOURSE IX. ON THE CHARACTER OF ABSALOM.* 2 SAMUEL, ch. xviii. ver. 33. And the king was much moved, and went up to the chamber over the gate, and wept: and as he went, thus he said, O my son ... 484
  DISCOURSE X. ON THE CHARACTER OF AHITOPHEL*. 2 SAMUEL, ch. xvii. ver. 23. And when Ahitophel saw that his counsel was not followed, he saddled his ass, and arose, and gat him home to his house, and ... 510
  APPENDIX TO THE TWO SERMONS ON ABSALOM AND AHITOPHEL. 543
  DISCOURSE XI. THE DISPUTE BETWEEN THE ISRAELITES AND THE TWO TRIBES AND AN HALF, RESPECTING THEIR SETTLEMENT BEYOND JORDAN*. JOSHUA, ch. xxii. ver. 22. The Lord God of gods - the Lord God of gods - he... 558
  DISCOURSE XII. ON CIVIL LIBERTY; PASSIVE OBEDIENCE, AND NON-RESISTANCE*. GALATIANS, ch. v. ver. 1. Stand fast, therefore, in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free. 603
  DISCOURSE XIII. A FAREWELL SERMON*. NEHEMIAH, ch. vi. ver. 10, 11. Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah, the son of Delaiah, the son of Mehetabeel, who was shut up: and he said, Let us meet ...
  

• Boucher's glossary of archaic and provincial words a supplement to the dictionaries of the English language, particularly those of Dr. Johnson and Dr. Webster /. London : Printed for Black, Young, and Young, 1832-1833. lxiv, [176] pp.
• To George Washington from Jonathan Boucher, 8 November 1797.

Lawyer-statesman. Read more about Boudinot here.

• The Age of Revelation, or, The Age of reason shewn to be an age of infidelity / by Elias Boudinot. Dickins ed. Philadelphia: Asbury Dickins, 1801 (Philadelphia: Hugh Maxwell) 232 [i.e. 332] pp.; 22 cm.

  "God, in his infinite wisdom, has given us sufficient evidence, that the revelation of the gospel is from him. This is the subject of rational inquiry, and of conviction, from the conclusive nature of the evidence: but when that fact is established, you are bound, as a rational creature, to show your full confidence in his unchangeable veracity, and infinite wisdom, by firmly believing the great truths so revealed; although he has wisely kept from your knowledge, some things which may be mysterious in their nature. In this, his design, amongst others, may be, that thereby the pride of the human heart might be subdued; the human will brought to submit to the will of God; the character of Jehovah magnified and honoured; and his unstained veracity perfectly confided in, and trusted to, while at the same time, the amiable humility of the Christian character, is promoted in the firm believer of his word."

  ... "Far near half a century, have I anxiously and critically studied that invaluable treasure; and I still scarcely ever take it up, that I do not find something new-that I do not receive some valuable addition to my stock of knowledge; or perceive some instructive fact, never observed before. In short, were you to ask me to recommend the most valuable book in the world, I should fix on the Bible as the most instructive, both to the wise and ignorant. Were you to ask me for one, affording the most rational and pleasing entertainment to the inquiring mind, I should repeat, it is the Bible: and should you renew the inquiry, for the best philosophy, or the most interesting history, I should still urge you to look into your Bible."

  • David Barton. Elias Boudinot's Age of Revelation.
• A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774-1875. Letters of Delegates to Congress: Volume 19 August 1, 1782 - March 11, 1783. Elias Boudinot to Susan Boudinot "You have been instructed from your Childhood in the knowledge of your Lost State by Nature--the absolute necessity of a Change of Heart, and an entire renovation of Soul, to the Image of Jesus Christ--of Salvation, thro' his meritorious Righteousness only--and the indispensable necessity of personal Holiness without which no man shall see the Lord. You are well acquainted that the most perfect & consummate Doctrinal Knowledge, is of no avail, without it operates on & sincerely affects the Heart--Changes the Practice--and totally influences the Will--and that without the almighty Power of the Spirit of God, enlightening your Mind, subduing your Will, and continually drawing you to himself--you can do nothing."
  ... "And may the God of your parents (for many generations past) seal instruction to your soul and lead you to Himself through the blood of His too greatly despised Son, Who notwithstanding, is still reclaiming the world to God through that blood, not imputing to them their sins. To Him be glory forever!"
  ... "For nearly half a century have I anxiously and critically studied that invaluable treasure [the Bible]; and I still scarcely ever take it up that I do not find something new - that I do not receive some valuable addition to my stock of knowledge or perceive some instructive fact never observed before. In short, were you to ask me to recommend the most valuable book in the world, I should fix on the Bible as the most instructive both to the wise and ignorant. Were you to ask me for one affording the most rational and pleasing entertainment to the inquiring mind, I should repeat, it is the Bible; and should you renew the inquiry for the best philosophy or the most interesting history, I should still urge you to look into your Bible. I would make it, in short, the Alpha and Omega of knowledge."
• An Answer to the Objections of the Managers of the Philadelphia Bible-Society against a meeting of delegates from the Bible societies in the union: to agree on some plan to disseminate the Bible in parts without the United States. Burlington, N.J.: Printed by David Allinson, [1815]. 14 pp.
• An Address delivered before the New-Jersey Bible Society on Tuesday, 27th August, 1811. / by the president of said board. Burlington, N.J.: Printed for the New-Jersey Bible Society by D. Allinson & Co., 1811. 12 pp.
• An Oration, delivered at Elizabeth-Town, New-Jersey, agreeable to a resolution of the state Society of Cincinnati, on the Fourth of July, M.DCC.XCIII. Being the seventeenth anniversary of the independence of America. / By Elias Boudinot, L.L.D.; [Three lines in Latin from Lactantius] Elizabeth-Town [N.J.] Printed by Shepard Kollock, at his printing-office and book-store, 1793. iv, [1], 6-32 pp.; 20 cm. (4to)
  "Do you, my worthy fellow-citizens of every description, wish for more lasting matter of pleasure and satisfaction in contemplating the great events brought to your minds this day? Extend, then, your views to a distant period of future time. Look forward a few years, and behold our extended forests (now a pathless wilderness) converted into fruitful fields and busy towns. Take into view the pleasing shores of our immense lakes, united to the Atlantic States by a thousand winding canals, and beautified with rising cities, crowded with innumerable peaceful fleets, transporting the rich produce from one coast to another.
  "Add to all this, what must most please every humane and benevolent mind, the ample provision thus made by the God of all flesh for the reception of the nations of the earth, flying from the tyranny and oppression of the despots of the Old World,* and say, if the prophecies of ancient times are not hastening to a fulfillment, when this wilderness shall blossom as a rose the heathen be given to the Great Redeemer, as his inheritance, and these uttermost parts of the earth for his possession.
  "Who knows but the country for which we have fought and bled may hereafter become a theatre of greater events than yet have been known to mankind.
  "May these invigorating prospects lead us to the exercise of every virtue, religious, moral, and political. May we be roused to a circumspect conduct to an exact obedience to the laws of our own making to the preservation of the spirit and principles of our truly invaluable constitution to respect and attention to magistrates of our own choice; and, finally, by our example as well as precept, add to the real happiness of our fellow-men, and the particular glory of our common country.
  "And may these great principles, in the end, become instrumental in bringing about that happy state of the world, when, from every human breast, joined by the grand chorus of the skies, shall arise with the profoundest reverence, that divinely celestial anthem of universal praise 'Glory to God in the highest--Peace on earth--Good will towards men.'"

  * It is worthy the attention of every serious mind, who carefully traces the secret footsteps of Divine Providence, that if the late Revolution had not taken place, and America had still continued under the dominion of Great Britain, the unhappy sufferers in the cause of Freedom, both in Europe and the West Indies, would not now have had a spot on the globe to which they could, with propriety and safety, have retired, in case of a failure of their exertions in favor of Universal Liberty. Neither can any European nation afford so complete an asylum as the United States for the opposition, in case they should finally be driven from a country which might conceive itself essentially injured by their hostile conduct in the day of her distress.

• United States. Continental Congress. Proclamation. 1783, Apr. 11. By the United States of America in Congress assembled. A proclamation, declaring the cessation of arms, as well by sea as by land, agreed upon between the United States of America and His Britannic Majesty; and enjoining the observance thereof. Done in Congress, at Philadelphia, this eleventh day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty three. Richmond: Printed by James Hayes, printer to the Commonwealth, [1783]. Signed: Elias Boudinot, president. Attest, Charles Thomson, sec'ry. Followed by a proclamation of Benjamin Harrison, governor of Virginia, affirming the proclamation of the Continental Congress. Text in two columns.
• J. J. Boudinot, editor. The Life, Public Services, Addresses, and Letters of Elias Boudinot, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1896, Vol. I, Speech in the First Provincial Congress of New Jersey.
  "Let us enter on this important business under the idea that we are Christians on whom the eyes of the world are now turned" [L]et us earnestly call and beseech Him, for Christ's sake, to preside in our councils. ... We can only depend on the all powerful influence of the Spirit of God, Whose Divine aid and assistance it becomes us as a Christian people most devoutly to implore. Therefore I move that some minister of the Gospel be requested to attend this Congress every morning ... in order to open the meeting with prayer." pp. 19, 21.
• J. J. Boudinot, editor. The Life, Public Services, Addresses, and Letters of Elias Boudinot: president of the Continental congress, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1896, Vol. II .

Statesman.

• John D. Adams and John Hallum. Elias Cornelius Boudinot, born August 1, 1835, died September 27, 1890. Chicago: Rand, McNally, 1890. 78 pp.: port.; 20 cm. Signed by John D. Adams./ "Biographical" [sketch / by John Hallum]: pp. 15-32./ Reproduction of original from Harvard Law School Library.

Clergyman. Read more about Bouton here

• Christian Patriotism: An address delivered at Concord, July the fourth, 1825. Concord [N.H.], 1825. 23 pp. Also here.

American jurist and legal lexicophrapher. Read about Bouvier here and biography at the Tarlton Law Library, University of Texas School of Law. "He is best known for his able legal writings. His Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America and of the Several States of the American Union (1839, revised and brought up to date by Francis Rawle, under the title of Bouvier's Law Dictionary, 2 vols., 1897) has always been a standard."--1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

• A Law Dictionary: Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union : with References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. Volume 1. 14th edition. G.W. Childs, 1871.
  Extract: CHRISTIANITY. The religion established by Jesus Christ.
  Christianity has been judicially declared to be a part of the common law of Pennsylvania, 11 Serg. & R. Penn. 394; 5 Binn. Penn. 555; of New York, 8 Johns. N. Y. 291; of Connecticut, 2 Swift, System, 321; of Massachusetts, 7 Dane, Abr. c. 219, a. 2, 19. See 20 Pick. Mass. 206. to write or speak contemptuously and maliciously against it is an indictable offence. Cooper, Libel, 59, 114. See 5 Jur. 529; 8 Johns. N. Y. 290; 20 Pick. Mass. 206; 2 Lew. Cr. Cas. 237.

  Archbishop Whately, in his preface to the Elements of Rhetoric, says, "It has been declared, by the highest legal authorities, that 'Christianity is part of the law of the land;' and, consequently, any one who impugns it is liable to prosecution. What is the precise meaning of the above legal maxim I do not profess to determine, having never met with any one who could explain it to me; but evidently the mere circumstance that we have religion by law established dues not of itself imply the illegality of arguing against that religion." It seems difficult, says a late accomplished writer (Townsend, St. Tr. vol. ii. p. 389), to render more intelligible a maxim which has perplexed so learned a critic. Christianity was pronounced to be part of the common law, in contradistinction to the ecclesiastical law, for the purpose of proving that the temporal courts, as well as the courts spiritual, had jurisdiction over offences against it. Blasphemies against God and religion are properly cognizable by the law of the land, as they disturb the foundations on which the peace and good order of society rest, root up the principle of positive laws and penal restraints, and remove the chief sanctions for truth, without which no question of property could be decided and no criminal brought to justice. Christianity is part of the common law, as its root and branch, its mainstay and pillar,-as much a component part of that law as the government and maintenance of social order. The inference of the learned archbishop seems scarcely accurate, that all who impugn this part of the law must be prosecuted. It does not follow, because Christianity is part of the law of England, that every one who impugns it is liable to prosecution. The manner of and motives for the assault are the true tests and criteria. Scoffing, flippant, railing comments, not serious arguments, are considered offences at common law, and justly punished, because they shock the pious no less than deprave the ignorant and young. The meaning of Chief-Justice Hale cannot be expressed more plainly than in his own words. An information was exhibited against one Taylor, for uttering blasphemous expressions too horrible to repeat. Hale, C. J., observed that "such kind of wicked, blasphemous words were not only an offence to God and religion, but a crime against the laws, state, and government, and therefore punishable in the court of King's Bench. For, to say religion is a cheat, is to subvert all those obligations whereby civil society is preserved; that Christianity is part of the laws of England, and to reproach the Christian religion is to speak in subversion of the law." Ventr.293. To remove all possibility of further doubt, the English commissioners on criminal law, in their sixth report, p. 83 (1841), have thus clearly explained their sense of the celebrated passage:-" The meaning of the expression used by Lord Hale, that' Christianity was parcel of the laws of England,' though often cited in subsequent cases, has, we think, been much misunderstood. It appears to us that the expression can only mean either that, as a great part of the securities of our legal system consist of judicial and official oaths sworn upon the Gospels, Christianity is closely interwoven with our municipal law, or that the laws of England, like all municipal laws of a Christian country, must, upon principles of general jurisprudence, be subservient to the positive rules of Christianity. In this sense, Christianity may justly be said to be incorporated with the law of England, so as to form parcel of it; and it was probably in this sense that Lord Halo intended the expression should be understood. At all events, in whatever sense the expression is to be understood, it does not appear to us to supply any reason in favor of the rule that arguments may not be used against it; for it is not criminal to speak or write either against the common law of England generally, or against particular portions of it, provided it be not done in such a manner as to endanger the public peace by exciting forcible resistance; so that the statement that Christianity is parcel of the law of England, which has been so often urged in justification of laws against blasphemy, however true it may be as a general proposition, certainly furnishes no additional argument for the propriety of such laws." If blasphemy mean a railing accusation, then it is, and ought to be, forbidden. Heard, Lib. & Sland. § 338. See 2 How. 127. 197-201; 11 Serg. & R. Venn. 394; 8 Johns. N.Y. 290; 10 Ark. 259; 2 Harr. Del. 553, 569.

Lawyer, legislator, railroad president.

• Henry Edwin Dwight (1832-1908). The Life and Writings of Hon. Vincent L. Bradford, LL.D., D.C.L., an eminent lawyer, legislator and railroad president. Philadelphia: Printed for private distribution, 1885. vi, 297 pp.: port.; 21 cm.

Plymouth founder. Read more about Bradford here.

• Bradford's History "Of Plimoth Plantation". From the original manuscript. With a report of the proceedings incident to the return of the manuscript to Massachusetts. Printed under the direction of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, by order of the General Court. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., State Printers, 1898. lxxvii, 555 pp. front., ports., facsims. 25 cm. Also in Word, PDF

  "I may not here omite how, notwithstand all their great paines & indnstrie, and ye great hops of a large cropp, the Lord seemed to blast, & take away the same, and to threaten further & more sore famine unto them, by a great drought which continued from ye 3. weeke in May, till about ye midle of July, without any raine, and with great heat (for ye most parte), insomuch as ye corne begane to wither away, though it was set with fishe, the moysture wherof helped it much. Yet at length it begane to languish sore, and some of ye drier grounds were partched like withered hay, part wherof was never recovered. Upon which they sett a parte a solemne day of humilliation, to seek ye Lord by humble & fervente prayer, in this great distrese. And he was pleased to give them a gracious & speedy answer, both to their owne, & the lndeans admiration, that lived amongest them. For all ye morning, and greatest part of the day, it was clear weather & very hotte, and not a cloud or any signe of raine to be seen, yet toward evening it begane to overcast, and shortly after to raine, with shuch sweete and gentle showers, as gave them cause of rejoyceing, & blesing God. It came, without either wind, or thunder, or any violence, and by degreese in yt abundance, as that ye earth was thorowly were and soked therwith. Which did so apparently revive & quicken ye decayed Corne & other fruits, as was wonderfull to see, and made ye Indeans astonished to behold; and afterwards the Lord sent them shuch seasonable showers, with enterchange of faire warme weather, as, through his blessing, caused a fruitfull & liberall harvest, to their no small comforte and rejoycing. For which mercie (in time conveniente) they also sett aparte a day of thanksgiveing. This being overslipt in its place, I thought meet here to inserte ye same."

• With Edward Winslow; Robert Cushman; John Robinson; George Barrell Cheever. The Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth in New England in 1620: reprint from the original volume. New York, J. Wiley,1848. (xi, pages, 1 leaf, [5]-369 pages). Includes a reprint of the original t.p.: A relation or iournall of the beginning and proceedings of the English plantation setled at Pilmoth in New England, by certaine English aduenturers both merchants and others ... London, Printed for I. Bellamie, and are to be sold at his shop at the Two greyhounds in Cornhill neere the Royall exchange. 1622./ "To the reader" (p. [13]-[14]) signed; G. Movrt./ The main part of the narrative was probably written by William Bradford and Edward Winslow. G. Mourt (George Morton?) by whose name the relation is commonly known, seems to have had no other connection with it than that of writing the preface and giving the book to the press. cf. Young, A. Chronicles of the Pilgrim fathers, Boston, 1841, p. [109]-249./ "Certaine vsefvl advertisements sent in a letter written by a discreete friend vnto the planters in New England, at thier first setting saile from Sounthampton" (p. [19]-[22]) signed: I.R. [John Robinson]./ "A letter sent from New-England to a friend in these parts, setting forth a briefe and true declaration of the worth of that plantation" (p. [95]-98) signed: E.W. [Edward Winslow]./ "Reasons & considerations touching the lawfulnesse of remouing out of England into the parts of America" (p. [101]-108) signed: R.C. [Robert Cushman]./

Supreme Court Justice. Read more about Bradley here.

• Miscellaneous Writings of the late Hon. Joseph P. Bradley, associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, with a sketch of his life by his son, Charles Bradley, and a review of his "judicial record" by William Draper Lewis, and an account of his "dissenting opinions" by A.Q. Keasbey. Newark, N.J., 1901. 432pp.

  "Whatever may be our own views, and however well settled and grounded, we cannot, without danger to society and its dearest interests, turn our backs upon the religious institutions which play so important a part in humanizing and refining mankind. No other religious belief, or disbelief, could have done so much for the elevation and refinement of the human race as Christianity has done during the last eighteen hundred years."

• Gilbert Clarke's profile of Bradley

Abolitionist. Read more about Breckinridge here.

• The Nation's Success and Gratitude. Philadelphia, 1864. 23 pp.
• Address to the Colonization Society of Kentucky.
• Our Country--its peril--its deliverance: State of the country. Discourse, delivered on the day of national humiliation, Jan. 4, 1861, at Lexington, Ky.; three articles on the state of the country.

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court from 1890 to 1910. Read about Brewer here and here and here. See also The Supreme Court Historical Society.

• The United States a Christian nation. Philadelphia, Winston, 1905. 98 pp. 20 cm. Haverford library lectures. Contents: The United States a Christian nation.--Our duty as citizens.--The promise and the possibility of the future. Also here.
  ..."I could go on indefinitely, pointing out further illustrations both official and non-official, public and private; such as the annual Thanksgiving proclamations, with their following days of worship and feasting; announcements of days of fasting and prayer; the universal celebration of Christmas; the gathering of millions of our children in Sunday Schools, and the countless volumes of Christian literature, both prose and poetry. But I have said enough to show that Christianity came to this country with the first colonists; has been powerfully identified with its rapid development, colonial and national, and to-day exists as a mighty factor in the life of the republic. This is a Christian nation ..."
  ... "By these and other evidences I claim to have shown that the calling of this republic a Christian nation is not a mere pretence but a recognition of an historical, legal and social truth."
• The Pew for the Pulpit. New York [etc., etc.] Fleming H. Revell co., 1897. 76 pp. 1897. "The substance of the monograph was originally given as an address to the students in the Divinity Department of Yale University ... on April 2d, 1897."
• American Citizenship. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press, 1914. 131 pp.; 20 cm. Yale lectures on the responsibilities of citizenship.

  Still again, this is a Christian nation. Not that the people have made it so by any legal enactment or that there exists an established church, but Christian in the sense that the dominant thought and purpose of the nation accord with the great principles taught by the founder of Christianity. Historically it has developed along the lines of that religion. Its first settlements were in its name, and while every one is welcome, whether a believer in christianity or in any other religion, or in no religion, yet the principles of Christianity are the foundations of our social and political life. It needs no judicial decision to determine this fact.

  The first charter of Virginia, in 1606, recited that it was granted in hopes of the "propagating of christian religion to such people as yet live in darkness and miserable ignorance of the true knowledge edge and worship of God." The Mayflower compact declared that its colonial settlement was "for the glory of God and for the advancement of the christian faith." The fundamental orders of Connecticut recited that they were established "to maintain and preserve the liberty and the purity of the gospel of our Lord Jesus which we now profess." Running through other colonial charters, in the Declaration of Independence, in the Constitutions of the various States, in the proceedings in courts, and in those official declarations which are the manifestations of the organized will of the nation, there is the constant recognition of the fact that christianity is the underlying thought of our national life.

  We enforce no religion; but the voice of the nation from its beginning to the present hour is in accord with the religion of Christ. Now, whatever else may be said of Christianity one thing is undisputed and indisputable, that christian nations manifest the highest forms of civilized life, and that among professedly christian nations those in which the principles of Christianity have the utmost freedom and power occupy the first place. And surely nowhere has Christianity such freedom and power as in this Republic.

• The Mission of the United States in the Cause of Peace. Boston, International School of Peace, 1910. 23 p. 21 cm. Address before the New Jersey State Bar Association at Atlantic City, N.J., June 12, 1909.

• An Oration, on the propriety of introducing the Science of Jurisprudence into a course of classical education: Pronounced in the Baptist Meeting-House in Providence, at the anniversary commencement of Rhode-Island College, September 6th, A.D. 1797. By Samuel W. Bridgham, a candidate for the degree of Master in the Arts. Published at the request of the students. Providence, Printed by Carter and Wilkinson, 1797. 7 pp. 23 cm. (8vo) Also here.
  Although ecclesiastical and civil authority should never be blended together, yet your Reverend Teachers of Holy Things ought not to be unskilled in the science of jurisprudence. Their duty consists in holding up the mirror to the face of man, to reflect his weaknesses, his follies, his imperfections and vices; to teach him obedience to divine institutions and civil authority. If the whole duty of man is to be laid before him by his spiritual guides, the more extensive and universal their knowledge, the more useful will their instructions be to all classes of hearers.
• An Oration, delivered in the Benevolent Congregational Meeting-House in Providence, on the fourth of July, A.D. 1798, in commemoration of American independence. By Samuel W. Bridgham, A.M.; [Two lines in Latin from Horace]; Published by request. Providence: Printed by Carter and Wilkinson, and sold at their book-store, 1798. 12 pp.; 22 cm. (8vo)
  Since the termination of the late American war, the United States have attracted the attention of all nations. Our profitable commerce has whitened our coasts with the canvas of the world. The tree of liberty, planted by the hand of GOD himself, cherished by our ancestors, and watered with their blood--that tree whose branches shade the Union, has invited the opprefissed from all quarters of the globe, and with them some turbulent and factious spirits, who never can rest under any government, have been admitted.

Minister.

• America saved, or Divine glory displayed, in the late war with Great Britain: A thanksgiving sermon, preached in Lebanon, Second Society, and now offered to the public, at the desire of a number of the hearers. / By Thomas Brockway, A.M. Pastor of the church in said society. [Five lines of quotations] Hartford: Printed by Hudson and Goodwin., 1784. 24 pp.; 19 cm. (12mo)

Politician. Read about Broom here.

• Jacob Broom Letter.
• William W. Campbell. Life and Character of Jacob Broom. Wilmington, Del.: Historical Society of Delaware, 1909. [24] pp.; 28 cm. Note: "Read before the Historical Society of Delaware, December 21, 1908."

Attorney. Representative from Pennsylvania. Read about Broom here.

• An Address delivered at Castle Garden, Feb. 22, 1854, before the Order of United Americans, on the occasion of their celebration of the one hundred & twenty-second anniversary of the birthday of Washington. New York: Chancery O.U.A. State of New York, 1854. 19 pp.

Lord Chancellor of England. Read about Lord Brougham here.

• A Discourse of Natural Theology: Showing the nature of the evidence and the advantages of the study / by Henry Lord Brougham. London: Charles Knight, 1835. vii, 296 pp.
• An Inquiry into the colonial policy of the European powers. Edinburgh, Printed by D. Willison for E. Balfour, Manners & Miller [etc.], 1803. 2 v. 22 cm.
  
  Volume 1 of 2.
  "The first settlers of all the colonies, says he, were men of irreproachable characters. Many of them fled from persecution; others on account of an honourable poverty; and all of them with their expectations limited to the prospect of a bare subsistence in freedom and peace. All idea of wealth or pleasure was out of the question. The greater part of them viewed their emigration as a taking up of the cross, and bounded their hopes of riches to. the gifts of the spirit, and their ambition to the desire of a kingdom beyond the grave. A set of men more conscientious in their doings, or simple in their manners, never founded any Commonwealth, It is, indeed, continues he, the peculiar glory of North America that with very few exceptions, its empire was originally founded in charity and peace." -- p. 59.
  Volume 2 of 2. Also here.

Baptist minister, Fresno, California.

• Says Executive Should Shine as at [sic] Example; Rev. A. P. Brown Points Out Elevating Influence of Citizenship and Religious Convictions of the Presidents. Fresno Morning Republican, November 5, 1908, p. 2.

American political leader. Read about Bryan here, here, and here.

• Men and Religion Foreward Movement; Young Men's Christian Association. Messages of the men and religion foreward movement ... including the revised reports of the commissions presented at the Congress of the men and religion foreward movement, April, 1912, together with principal addresses delivered at the Congress. 7 vol. New York: Association Press, 1912.
  • Volume 1 of 7. I. Congress Addresses.
  • Volume 2 of 7. II. Social Service.
  • Volume 3 of 7. III. Bible Study -- Evangelism.
  • Volume 4 of 7. IV. Christian Unity -- Missions.
  • Volume 5 of 7. V. Boys Work in the local church.
  • Volume 6 of 7. VI. Rural Church.
  • Volume 7 of 7. VII. The Church and the Press -- Index.
• Bryan on Belief. Christian Observer, June 19, 1907, p. 8.
  "I do not understand all the mysteries of the Bible, but if we live up to all the things in the Bible we can understand we will be kept so busy that we will not have time to worry over the mysterious. My observation is that the people who are all the time worrying about the mysterious things are mighty little concerned about the plainest things in the Bible, that they could apply with profit to themselves. Living in the midst of mystery, I shall not for that reason refuse to accept a religion that will mould our lives for good."
• Miracles, Atonement, and the Fact of Christ. Christian Observer, November 27, 1907, pp. 5-6.
• The menace of Darwinism. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1922. 64 pp.; 19 cm. A reissue of chapter four from the author's volume "In His image," together with comments on the importance of its appeal, reasons for its separate publication and an abstract of the remaining chapters.
• The Second battle or, The new declaration of independence, 1776-1900; an account of the struggle of 1900. Chicago, Ill., 1900. 575 pp. incl. maps. front., plates, ports. 24 cm.
• Speeches of William Jennings Bryan. New York, London, Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1909. 2 vol. fronts. (ports.) 18 cm. v. 1. Speeches on taxation and bimetalism. v. 2. Political speeches. Speeches on foreign lands. Educational and religiouus speeches. Miscellaneous speeches. Rev. and arranged by himself. With a biographical introduction by Mary Baird Bryan, his wife.
• The Price of a soul. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1914. 72 pp.; 19 cm.

See President Buchanan's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

Chaplain in Hartford, Connecticut.

• Moses and Aaron. God's favor to his chosen people, in leading them by the ministry of civil & ecclesiastical rulers, well qualified for the offices they are called to execute. Considered in a discourse had before the General Assembly of the colony of Connecticut, on May 9th. 1728. By Thomas Buckingham, A.M. and Pastor of a church in Hartford. [2], 52, [2] pp. 17 cm.

Clergyman. Read more about Buckminster from Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States, Volume 1, edited by John Howard Brown.

• A Sermon, preached before His Excellency the president, the Honorable Council, and the Honorable the House of Representatives of the state of New-Hampshire, June 7, 1787. By Joseph Buckminster, A.M. Pastor of the First Church in Portsmouth. [Two lines of Scripture text]. 1787. 30, [2] p. 24 cm. (8vo).
• A discourse, delivered at Portsmouth, New-Hampshire, November 1st, 1789. On occasion of the president of the United States honoring that capital with a visit. By Joseph Buckminster, A.M. Pastor of the First Church in Portsmouth. 1789. 21, [1] p. 20 cm. (8vo).
• The Duty of Republican Citizens, in the choice of their rulers. The substance of two discourses delivered in the First Church of Christ in Portsmouth: February 28, 1796. By Joseph Buckminster, A.M. [Three lines of quotations]. 1796. [2], 22 p. 23 cm. (8vo).
• Religion and Righteousness the basis of national honor and prosperity. A Sermon, preached to the North and South Parishes in Portsmouth, fraternally united in observance of the 22d February, 1800; the day appointed by Congress to pay tributary respect to the memory of Gen. Washington. Portsmouth, New-Hampshire: Printed at the United States' Oracle-Office, by Charles Peirce., 1800. 28 p. 22 cm. (8vo). Also here (consult this for smudge-free text) and here.
  The character of a nation is justly decided by the character of their rulers, especially in a free and elective government. And they have a mighty in|fluence in confirming or changing the character of a people. If the rulers of a people are men of principle, who fear GOD and observe his statutes, the nation will be owned in this approving light by him who superintends the affairs of nations, and it will give a train to his providential dispensations. Every friend to his country, in the choice of civil rulers, ought to have his eye upon the faithful of the land, upon such as fear GOD and regard his statutes. It is to be expected, other things being equal, that we should give our suffrages for men, whose political views and apprehensions accord with our own. Yet scarcely could that man vindicate his claim to the meed of patriotism, who should give his suffrage for a Candidate, who had no other claim to the dignified station of a civil ruler, or who was destitute of the commanding influence of religious principle.
  ... Our Constitutions of Government have happily formed no religious establishments, nor excluded any man of honorable integrity, from office; yet by their invariably instituting oaths as introductory to offices and qualifications for them. The enlightened citizens of America loudly proclaim their sense of the importance of religious principle. For what security is there for the faithful discharge of any office, if a sense of religious obligation desert the oaths that bind the subject to his duty. It is but echoing the general voice of America therefore, to say, that as any nation would be safe and happy, it is of the first importance that they should raise to office, in their respective grades, men who reverence and adore a GOD, who acknowledge themselves accountable to him, who respect the institutions of worship, whose beneficial influence upon society, ages of experience can attest, who expect a day of judgment, and a state of retribution. For such characters we should devoutly pray, to such we should endeavor to form the rising hope of America, on such should our eyes be placed, and to them should we give our suffrages.

Author. Read more about Bunyan here and here

• The Advocateship of Jesus Christ: clearly explained, and largely improved, for the benefit of all believers. by John Bunyan. London: Printed for Dorman Newman, 1688. [14], 208 pp.
• The Doctrine of the law and grace unfolded: or, a discourse concerning law and grace: shewing their distinct nature as two different covenants, by John Bunyan. Boston: Printed and sold by Manning & Loring, 1806. 176 pp.
• Grace abounding to the chief of sinners: or, A brief and faithful relation of the exceeding mercy of God in Christ, to his poor servant John Bunyan. Wherein is particularly shewed, the manner of his conversion, his sight and trouble for sin, his dreadful temptations; also, how he despaired of God's mercy, and how the Lord at length, through Christ, did deliver him from all the guilt and terror that lay upon him. All which was written by his own hand, and now published for the support of the weak and tempted people of God. [Three lines from Psalms] Second New-York edition. New-York: Printed by J. Tiebout, 358 Pearl-Street, for Evert Duyckinck, & Co. booksellers and stationers, 1797. 108 pp. 14 cm. (12mo) Notes: Error in paging: p. 61 misnumbered 66.
• Grace abounding to the chief of sinners, or, A brief and faithful relation of the exceeding mercy of God in Christ, to his poor servant John Bunyan. 1st Hudson edition, 1805. 120 pp. 15 cm.
• Christian Behaviour, or, The Fruits of True Christianity: shewing the ground from whence they flow in their godlike order in the duty of relations, as husbands, wives, parents, children, masters, servants &c.: with a word of direction to all backsliders / by John Bunyan. London: Printed for F. Smith, [1663?] 140 pp.
• The Pilgrim's Progress from this world to that which is to come. . New edition, divided into chapters, with the life of the author. To which are added, explanatory and practical notes. Newark, 1818. 445 pp.
• The Jerusalem sinner saved; or, Good news to the vilest of men: Being an help for despairing souls: shewing, that Jesus Christ would have mercy in the first place offered to the biggest sinners: To which is added, an answer to those grand objections that lie in the way of them that would believe: for the comfort of those that fear they have sinned against the Holy Ghost. Printed at Amherst [N.H.], by Samuel Preston., United States; New Hampshire; Amherst. 1798. iv, [1], 6-176 pp.; 14 cm.
• A Confession of my faith and a reason of my practice, or, With who, and who not, I can hold church-fellowship, or the communion of saints. London: Printed for Francis Smith, 1672. [10], 130 pp. Union Theological Seminary (New York, N. Y.) Library.
• Some Gospel-truths opened according to the Scriptures, or, The divine and humane nature of Christ Jesus, his coming into the world, his righteousness, death, resurrection, ascension, intercession, and second comming to judgment, plainly demonstrated and proved and also answers to severall questions, with profitable directions to stand fast in the doctrine of Jesus the son of Mary, against those blustring storms of the Devils temptations, which do at this day, like so many scorpions, break loose from the bottomless pit, to bite and torment those that have not tasted the vertue of Jesus by the revelation of the spirit of God / published for the good of Gods chosen ones by that unworthy servant of Christ John Bunnyan. London: Printed for J. Wright the younger, 1656. [84], 216 pp. Magdalene College (University of Cambridge) Library.
• A Vindication of the book called, Some Gospel-truths opened; according to the Scriptures, and the opposition made against it by Edward Borrough, a professed Quaker, (but proved an enemie to the truth) examined and confuted by the word of God. And also, the things that were then laid down, and declared to the world by me, are a second-time born witness to, according to truth: with the answer of Edward Burrough to the quaeries then laid down in my book reproved. And also, a plain answer to his quaeries, given in simplicitie of soul; and is now also presented to the world, or who else may read, or hear them; to the end (if God will) that truth may be discovered thereby. London: Printed by Matthias Cowley, book-seller in Newport, Anno Dom. 1657. [14], 54 [i.e. 56] pp. Friends' Library (London, England).
• Works.
• Autobiography of John Bunyan.
• Edmund Venables. The Life of John Bunyan.

British statesman, parliamentary orator and political thinker, important in the history of political theory, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. He is known for his statement, "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing." Read about Burke from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy here and the Online Liberty Fund here.

• Edmund Burke's Speech on conciliation with the American colonies, delivered in the House of commons, March 22, 1775; ed., with notes and a study plan for high school use, by William I. Crane (1866-1924). Edition at Internet Archive.

  Also here. Extract from the University of Chicago here.

  "Religion, always a principle of energy, in this new people is no way worn out or impaired; and their mode of professing it is also one main cause of this free spirit, The people are Protestants; and of that kind which is the most adverse to all implicit submission of mind and opinion. This is a persuasion not only favourable to liberty, but built upon it."

• A Vindication of Natural Society. 1756. Internet Archive copy. Also available at the Online Library of Liberty here. A satire of Lord Bolingbroke's deism.
• A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful; with an introductory discourse concerning taste. London: printed for R. and J. Dodsley, 1757. Internet Archive copy. Library of Congress copy here. University of Michigan text here.
• Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents. London :: printed for J. Dodsley,1770. University of Michigan text. Project Gutenberg ebook here. Regarding the nepotism of King George III and the influence of the Court on the House of Commons of Great Britain.
• On American Taxation. Second edition, Dodsley, 1775. Econlib edition. Wikipedia: a speech given by Edmund Burke in the British House of Commons on April 19, 1774, advocating the full repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767. Parliament had previously repealed five of the six duties of this revenue tax on the American colonies, but the tax on tea remained.
• Reflections on the Revolution in France. November 1790. Internet Archive edition. PDF copy from Early Modern Texts here.
• Thoughts and Details on Scarcity , originally presented to the Right Hon. William Pitt, in the month of November, 1795. London: Printed for F. and C. Rivington [etc.], 1800. Internet Archive copy.
• Letters on a Regicide Peace. 1795. Online Library of Liberty. "The four letters in this volume were Burke?s last writings on the French Revolution. Even though the Terror had come to an end and a more moderate government known as the Directory had come to power Burke still thought that the destruction of the old regime by violence would lead to political chaos."
• The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Vol. I. (of 12), by Edmund Burke.

Swiss legal and political theorist. Columbia Encyclopedia: His chief works are Principes du droit naturel [principles of natural law] (1747) and Principes du droit politique [principles of political law] (1751). He attempted to demonstrate the reality of natural law by tracing its origin in God's rule and in human reason and moral instinct. He believed that both international and domestic law were based on natural law. Read about Burlamaqui here.

• Principles Of Natural And Political Law [1748], Counsellor Of State, And Late Professor Of Natural and Civil Law at Geneva. Translated [In 1752] into English by Mr. Nugent. Fifth Edition, Corrected. Cambridge, Printed at the University Press, by W. Hilliard, and sold at his bookstore, and by the Booksellers in Boston. 1807. Also here, at the Online Library of Liberty.
• The Principles of politic law: being a sequel to The principles of natural law. By J. J. Burlamaqui, ... Translated into English by Mr. Nugent, printed for J. Nourse, 1752. 372 pp.

• An Election Sermon, Preached at Hartford, on the Day of the Anniversary Election, May 12, 1803. Hartford: Printed by Hudson & Goodwin, 1803, pp. 27-28.

  "... Consider well the important trust and distinguishing privileges which God and nature have put into your hands. To God and posterity you are accountable for them. See that you preserve them inviolate and transmit them to posterity unimpaired. Let not your children have reason to curse you for giving up those rights and prostrating those institutions which your fathers delivered to you as a sacred palladiuim, and which by the blessing of God have been peculiarly beneficial to the order, peace and prosperity of this State, amid all the vicissitudes and convulsions of other states and kingdoms round. And that this happy state of things may continue, look well to the characters and qualifications of those you elect and raise to office and places of trust. In this momentous concern, let the wise counsel of Jethro, tho' a priest, be your guide. Choose ye out from among you able men, such as fear God, men of truth and hating covetousness and set them to rule over you. Think not that your interests will be safe in the hands of the weak and ignorant; or faithfully managed by the impious, the dissolute and the immoral. Think not that men who acknowledge not the providence of God nor regard His laws will be uncorrupt in office, firm in defense of the righteous cause against the oppressor, or resolutely oppose the torrent of iniquity. Their own emolument, ease or pleasure, will at any time induce them to connive at injustice and iniquity, or join with the oppressor. Watch over your liberties and privileges - civil and religious - with a careful eye."

See President Bush's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

American political leader. Read about Carroll here and here.

• A Letter from Charles Carroll, Senior, to the reader: With his petition to the General Assembly of Maryland; his speech in support of it; and, the resolution of the House of Delegates thereon. [Seven lines of quotations]. Annapolis: Printed by Frederick Green, MDCCLXXIX. [1779] 16 pp.
• Charles Carroll Letter. Written to Dr. Charles Wharton, an Episcopal clergyman, 27th September 1825: "Too much of my time & attention have been misapplied on matters to which an impartial Judge, penetrating the secrets of hearts, before whom I shall soon appear, will ascribe merit deserving recompense. On the mercy of my redeemer I rely for salvation and on his merits; not on the works I have done in obedience to his precepts, for even these, I fear, a fallacy a mixture will render unavailing, and cause to be rejected."
• Bernard C. Steiner. The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry, Secretary of War under Washington and Adams. Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers, 1907. 660 pp. Letter to James McHenry of November 4, 1800, p. 475.
  "Without morals a republic cannot subsist any length of time; they therefore who are decrying the Christian religion, whose morality is so sublime & pure, [and] which denounces against the wicked eternal misery, and [which] insured to the good eternal happiness, are undermining the solid foundation of morals, the best security for the duration of free governments."

Attorney General of Pennsylvania. Read about Carson here.

• The Supreme Court of the United States: its history: and its centennial celebration, February 4th, 1890; prepared under the direction of the Judiciary Centennial Committee. Philadelphia, 1891.
• The History of the Supreme Court of the United States: with biographies of all the chief and associate justices. Philadelphia, c. 1902-1904. Vol. 1 of 2. 378 pp. Vol. 2 of 2. 359 pp.
• The Hampton L. Carson Collection of engraved portraits of Gen. George Washington. Philadelphia, Press of W.F. Fell Company, 1904.

Agricultural science pioneer. Read more about Carver here, and here.

• Raleigh H. (Raleigh Howard) Merritt, From Captivity to Fame, or, The Life of George Washington Carver. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Documenting the American South (Project); University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Library. [Chapel Hill, N.C.]: Academic Affairs Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Electronic edition, 2000. Birth and early childhood -- Early schooling and struggles -- Working his way through college -- First twelve years at Tuskegee -- Discovers possibilities of native products -- The Tuskegee Farmers' Conference -- His creative ability -- The Carver School Farm Club -- Still achieving and helping people -- Views and comments -- Supplement: 105 different ways to prepare the peanut for the table -- The sweet potato and various ways to prepare it -- How to make and save money on the farm -- How to raise pigs with little money -- Poultry raising -- The tomato -- The cow pea -- Three delicious meals every day -- 43 ways to save the wild plum crop -- Alfalfa -- The pickling and curing of meat in hot weather.
• Gary R. Kremer, editor.George Washington Carver in his Own Words. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987.

  "I am not interested in science or any thing else that leaves God out of it." p. 131

  "My beloved friend, I do not feel capable of writing a single word of counsel to those dear young people, more than to say that my heart goes out to every one of them, regardless of the fact that I have never seen them and may never do so.
  "I want them to find Jesus, and make Him a daily, hourly, and momently part of themselves.
  "O how I want them to get the fullest measure of happiness and success out of life. I want them to see the Great Creator in the smallest and apparently the most insignificant things about them.
  "How I long for each one to walk and talk with the Great Creator through the things he has created." p. 135.

  "I love to think of nature as unlimited broadcasting stations, through which God speaks to us every hour, if we will only tune in and remain so." p. 143.

• George Washington Carver: His Life & Faith in His Own Words William J. Federer. Amerisearch (January 2003) "The secret of my success? It is simple. It is found in the Bible. 'In all thy ways acknowledge Him and He shall direct thy paths.'" p. 66.

Methodist preacher. Read more about Cartwright here and here.

• W.P. Strickland, editor. Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, the backwoods preacher. New York, Carlton & Porter, 1857. 525 pp. See pages 192-194 for anecdotes on Andrew Jackson.

Pastor of the First Church in Litchfield, Connecticut.

• A Brief view of the distresses, hardships and dangers our ancestors encounter'd, in settling New-England-- the privileges we enjoy, and our obligations thence arising; with moral reflections thereupon. In two sermons, delivered at Litchfield, on the general fast, April 18, 1770. By Judah Champion, A.M. Pastor of the First Church in Litchfield. [Five lines of quotations] Hartford : Printed by Green & Watson, near the Great-Bridge, M,DCC,LXX., 1770. 44 pp. 20 cm. (4to)
• Christian and Civil liberty and freedom considered and recommended: A sermon, delivered before the General Assembly of the colony of Connecticut, at Hartford, on the day of their anniversary election, May 9th, 1776. By Judah Champion, A.M. Pastor of the First Church of Christ in Litchfield. [Two lines of quotations] Hartford: Printed by E. Watson, near the Great-Bridge, 1776. 31, [1] pp. 20 cm. (8vo)
  We have glorious privileges asserted--liberty and freedom belonging to us, not merely as men, originally created in GOD'S image, holding a distinguished rank in his creation, but also as chriftians, redeemed by the blood of CHRIST. The divine author, purchaser and bestower of all these mercies and blessings, expressly mentioned CHRIST JESUS, who, by his perfect obedience and the sacrifice of himself made compleat atonement for sin--purchased reconciliation with GOD--temporal favours and blessings for a ruined world, and eternal glory for all that truly believe in him.
  HERE is also a very important duty, enjoined by the highest authority, to exert ourselves in maintaining and defending our liberties and privileges.

Clergyman. Read more about Cheever here.

• God's Hand in America. New-York, 1841. 167 pp.
• The Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, in New England, in 1620: reprinted from the original volume: with Historical and local illustrations. New York, 1848. 370 pp.
• Defence of Capital Punishment
• Right of the Bible in our public schools. New York: 1854. xii, [13]-303 pp.; 17 cm.
• God against slavery. Cincinnati: 1857. viii, [9]-272 pp.; 20 cm.
• Online works.

Baptist preacher, author and educator. Read more about Christian here (From Ben M. Bogard, Pillars of Orthodoxy, or Defenders of the Faith, 1900). Disclaimer: Christian was a noted Freemason.

• A History of the Baptists. Volume 1 of 2.
  • CHAPTER XXI. The Origin of the American Baptist Churches.
• A History of the Baptists. Volume 2 of 2.
  • I. The Colonial Period. CHAPTER I. The First Baptists in America. First Settlers -- Separatists and Puritans -- The Difference in the Parties -- The Puritan a Church of England Man -- Reformed -- Character of the Puritans -- Religious Intolerance -- Frothingham -- Neal -- Ruffini -- The Theocracy -- The First Baptists -- Their Character --Statistics.
  • I. The Colonial Period. CHAPTER X. The Great Awakening. Baptists in Massachusetts -- Position of the Puritans -- Reaction Against the Standing Order -- Thirteen Evils -- The Account of Jonathan Edwards of Conditions -- A Minister in New Hampshire -- The Historian Trumbull -- The Drink Habit -- The Half Way Covenant -- The Burning of Witches -- The Awakening in Northampton -- The Sermons of Edwards -- The Revival Begins -- The Effects of the Revival -- George Whitefield -- The Estimate of Benjamin Franklin -- Manner of Preaching of Whitefield -- Calvinism -- The Baptists Calvinistic -- Disorders -- Persecutions of the Standing Order -- Edwards Ejected from His Church -- The Boston Gazette -- Opposition of the Episcopalians -- Action of the Connecticut Legislature -- The New Lights -- The New Lights Become Baptists -- Bacon's Account -- Great Growth of the Baptists.
  • II. The Period of the American Revolution. CHAPTER I. The Baptists in the American Revolution. The Thirteen Colonies -- The Policy of England -- The Discovery of the Valley of the Ohio -- The Population of the Country -- The Social, Political and Religious Conditions -- Political and Religious Freedom -- The Forces Against America -- George Ill -- The Attitude of Pope Pius VI -- John Adams on the situation -- The Position of Canada -- The Quebec Act -- The Roman Catholics of Great Britain -- The Attitude of America Toward the Roman Catholics -- The Mercenaries from Germany -- The Roman Catholics of Ireland -- Of America -- The Clergy of the Established Church of England -- Rev. Charles Inglis -- Foreign Born Citizens -- A Conspiracy Against Washington -- William Pitt -- The Baptists of England -- Dr. Rippon -- The Baptists of America -- The Warren Association -- The Philadelphia Association -- An Appeal to the Continental Congress -- Rhode Island Favors Independence -- The Baptists of Virginia -- A Memorial to Congress -- Soldiers -- Chaplains in the Army -- Oliver Hart -- John Hart.
  • II. The Period of the American Revolution. CHAPTER II. The Baptists and the American Constitution. The Constitution -- The Ratification -- Two Objections to the Constitution -- Liberty not Sufficiently Guarded -- Massachusetts -- James Manning -- Virginia -- James Madison and John Leland -- J. S. Barbour -- Governor Briggs on Leland -- Patrick Henry Against the Constitution -- John Adam -- And Religious Liberty -- Thomas Jefferson -- First Amendment to the Constitution -- The Baptists of Virginia Propose the Amendment -- The Forces Working for Liberty -- Leonard Bacon -- Ruffini.
  • II. The Period of the American Revolution. CHAPTER III. The Period of Imprisonment and Strife in Virginia. The Persecutions in Virginia -- Imprisonments -- Spotsylvania -- Lewis Craig -- Letter of John Blair -- Waller forty -- three Days in Jail -- The Members of the Establishment Enraged -- Others Imprisoned -- William Fristoe on Persecutions -- The Baptists Greatly Increase in Number -- James Madison Writes Letters -- The Action of the House of Burgesses -- The Baptists Present Petitions -- The Baptists Attack the Establishment.
  • II. The Period of the American Revolution. CHAPTER IV. The Baptists and the Destruction of the Establishment. The Evils of the Establishment in Virginia -- The Baptists Render Service to the Country -- Dr. Hawks on the Situation -- The Convention at Williamsburg -- Petition of the Clergy -- Terrible Charges Against the Baptists -- The Statement of Fristoe -- The Tax Law Suspended -- Counter Memorials -- The Law Repealed -- The Statement of Rayner -- The Historians Speak -- The Glebe Lands -- The General Assessment Proposed -- The Presbyterians -- The Reasons the Baptists Opposed the Measure -- The Bill Examined and Rejected -- The Bill of Thomas Jefferson -- Bishop Perry on the Baptists -- Jefferson and the Baptists -- The Union of the Regular and Separate Baptists -- The Terms of The Union -- The Revival.
  • III. The Period of Growth and Organization. CHAPTER IV. The Great Revival of 1800. The Deplorable Conditions of the Country -- Low State of Morals -- Terrible Practices -- Deistical Opinions of the French and Indian Wars -- Alliance of America and France -- The Effects of French Infidelity -- Thomas Paine -- Infidel Clubs -- Illuminism -- Want of Religious Instruction -- Baptist and Presbyterian Ministers -- Dull Preaching -- Conditions in the Colleges -- Kentucky and Tennessee -- Logan County -- The Great Revival -- James McGready -- His Sermons -- The Camp Meeting at Casper River -- The Account of McGready -- The Meeting Described -- Barton W. Stone -- Other Meetings -- Extravagance -- Lorenzo Dow -- The Jerks and Other Violent Exercises -- Disorders -- Such Meetings Continued for Years -- The Revival Did Great Good -- Testimonies -- Results Among the Baptists -- Effects Felt Throughout the United States.
• Baptist History Vindicated. 1899 essay. With introduction by T. T. Eaton.
• John T. Christian Library. New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary.

Boston: Gould, Kendall & Lincoln. Vol. 1-v. 28 = no. 1 (Mar. 1836)-no. 114 (Oct. 1863) 28 volumes; 22-29 cm. Editors: 1836-37, J.D. Knowles.--1838, J.D. Knowles, Barnas Sears.--1839-41, Barnas Sears.--1842-48, S.F. Smith.--1849. E.G. Sears.--1850-52, S.S. Cutting.--1853-55, Robert Turnbull, J.N. Murdock.--1856, J.J. Woolsey, W.C. Ulyat.--1857-58, Franklin Wilson, G.B. Taylor.--1859, E.G. Robinson, V.R. Hotchkiss.--1860-1863, E.G. Robinson./ Imprint varies: 1836-49, Boston, Gould, Kendall & Lincoln: [etc., etc.,]--1850-56, New-York, L. Colby and J. Ballard [etc.]--1857-58, Baltimore [35c.]--1859-60, New-York, Sheldon & Co.--1861-63, Rochester, N.Y., Benton & Andrews.

• ARTICLE IV; ADVANTAGES OF THE BAPTIST CHURCH POLITY, An Historical Discourse, delivered at the celebration of the Second Centennial Anniversary of the First Baptist Church in Providence. The Christian Review (1836-1863), Boston: May 1, 1846. Vol. 11, Iss. 41; pp. 64-87.
  

English bookseller and politician.

• With John Churchill. A Collection of voyages and travels some now first printed from original manuscripts: others translated out of foreign languages and now first publish'd in English: to which are added some few that have formerly appear'd in English. London: Printed for Awnsham and John Churchill, 1704. 4 volumes, [110] leaves of plates (some folded): ill., maps, charts. Note: "With a general preface giving an account of the progress of navigation, from its first beginning to the perfection it is now in, &c."
  
  Volume 1 of 4. 929 pp. An account of the empire of China, historical, political, moral, and religious / written in Spanish by the R.F.F. Dominic Fernandez Navarette.
  • With John Churchill. A Collection of voyages and travels some now first printed from original manuscripts. Volume 2 of 4. 893 pp. Mr. John Nieuhoff's remarkable voyages and travels into Brazil and the best parts of the East-Indies / translated out of Dutch.
  • With John Churchill. A Collection of voyages and travels some now first printed from original manuscripts. Volume 3 of 4. 953 pp. Sir William Monson's Naval tracts. A true and exact description of the most celebrated East-India coast of Malabar and Coromandel, and of the island of Ceylon, with all the adjacent countries / by Philip Baldaeus, translated from the High Dutch.
  • With John Churchill. A Collection of voyages and travels some now first printed from original manuscripts. Volume 4 of 4. 882 pp. A voyage round the world / by Dr. John Francis Gemelli Careri, translated from the Italian. Volume 4 has imprint: London: Printed by H.C. for Awnsham and John Churchill, 1704.

American academic and educator,Congregational Minister, earliest to be called "president" of Yale College. Read about Clap here and here.

• The Religious Constitution of Colleges, especially of Yale-College in New-Haven in the colony of Connecticut. By Thomas Clap, A.M. president of Yale-College. New-London [Conn.]: Printed and sold by T. Green, 1754. [2], 20, [2] pp.; 18 cm. (4to)

• Life Sketches of Eminent Lawyers: American, English, and Canadian: to which is added thoughts, facts and facetiae. Kansas City, Mo.: Lawyers' International Pub. Co., 1895. 2 vol.: ports.; 20 cm.
  • Abraham Lincoln
  • Benjamin Butler
  • Daniel Webster
  • David Schenk
  • Horace Binney
  • James Campbell
  • John Campbell
  • Joseph Bradley
  • Joseph Brown
  • Joseph Story
  • Lord Erskine
  • Morrison Waite
  • William Evarts
  • William Wirt

American clergyman. Pastor of the Church of Christ in Lexington, Massachusetts on May 19, 1755. Read about Clark here and here.

• Day Otis Kellogg, William Robertson Smith, authors. Thomas Spencer Baynes, editor. CLARK, JONAS, an American patriot clergyman; born in Newton, Mass., Dec. 25, 1730; died in Lexington, Mass., Nov. 15, 1805. After graduating at Harvard, in 1752, he became pastor of a church in Lexington, where he spent his life. Edward Everett said of Mr. Clark that he "rendered services second to no other in enlightening and animating the popular mind on the great question at issue in Revolutionary times." John Hancock and Samuel Adams were at Clark's house on the night of April 8,1775, when Paul Revere took his famous ride and warned them, among others, of the danger at hand. These two men asked Mr. Clark if his people would fight. "I have trained them for this very hour; they would fight, and if need be die too, under the shadow of the house of God," he replied. The first blood of the Revolution was shed near his house, April 19, 1775, and when he saw the dead heroes he exclaimed, "From this day will be dated the liberty of the world!" The Encyclopædia Britannica: New American supplement. A-ZUY; Volume 26 of The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. Original 9th Ed. in 25 Vols, William Robertson Smith. Werner Company, 1903, p. 185.

  Disclaimer: The "I have trained them" quote is unconfirmed; no original source has been found, according to the Lexington Historical Society.

• Day Otis Kellogg. CLARK, JONAS. New American Supplement to the Latest Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, volume 2. Werner Company, 1898. p. 818.
• William Harrison De Puy. American revisions and additions to the Encyclopaedia britannica, vol. 1. R.S. Peale & co., 1891. pp. 472-473.
• Christ's mission of the seventy, illustrated and improved : in a sermon preached at the ordination of the Reverend Mr. Josiah Bridge, to the pastoral care of the First Church of Christ in Sudbury, Nov. 4, 1761. By Jonas Clarke, A.M. Pastor of the church in Lexington. 41, [3] p. 20 cm. (8vo). 1761.
• Best art of dress: or, Early piety most amiable and ornamental: A sermon, preached at Lexington, to a religious society of young men, on Lord's-Day evening Sept. 13. 1761. By Jonas Clarke, A.M. Pastor of the church in Lexington. [Six lines from Isaiah] 35, [1] p. 20 cm. (8vo). 1762.
• Importance of military skill, measures for defence and a martial spirit, in a time of peace: A sermon preached to the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company in Boston, New-England, June 6. 1768. Being the anniversary of their election of officers. By Jonas Clarke, A.M. Pastor of the church in Lexington. 27 , [1] p. 19 cm. (8vo). 1768.
• Use and excellency of vocal music, in public worship: A sermon preached at an occasional lecture, in Lexington. Appointed to promote and encourage the divine use of vocal music, more especially in public worship, on Wednesday April 25. 1770. By Jonas Clark A.M. Pastor of the church in Lexington. [Eight lines of Scripture texts] 38, [2] p. 18 cm. (8vo). 1770.
• The Fate of blood-thirsty oppressors, and God's tender care of his distressed people: A sermon, preached at Lexington, April 19, 1776. To commemorate the murder, blood-shed and commencement of hostilities, between Great-Britain and America, in that town, by a brigade of troops of George III, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, on the nineteenth of April, 1775. To which is added, a brief narrative of the principal transactions of that day. By Jonas Clark, A.M. Pastor of the church in Lexington. [Seven lines of quotations]. 31, [1], 8 p. 22 cm. (8vo). 1776.
  • The Fate of blood-thirsty oppressors, and God's tender care of his distressed people: A sermon, preached at Lexington, April 19, 1776 to commemorate the murder, bloodshed, and commencement of hostilities between Great Britain and America, in that town, by a brigade of troops of George III, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, on the nineteenth of April, 1775. To which is added a brief narrative of the principal transactions of that day./
  • Searchable text.
• Sermon preached before His Excellency John Hancock, Esq; governor; His Honor Thomas Cushing, Esq; lieutenant-governor; the Honorable the Council, and the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives, of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, May 30, 1781. Being the first day of general election, after the commencement of the present constitution, and inauguration of the new government. By Jonas Clark, A.M. Pastor of the church in Lexington. N.B. Several passages omitted in the delivery of this discourse, are now inserted. [4], 74, [2] p. 21 cm. (8vo). 1781.
• Leonard O. Goenaga. The Pulpit and the American Revolution: Jonas Clark.
• Charles Hudson. History of the Town of Lexington, Middlesex County, Massachusetts: History.
• Library of Congress. Jonas Clark papers, 1780-1802. Reproduction: In part, negative photocopies reproduced from originals in the hands of Joseph Dane./ Washington, D.C. :/ Library of Congress Photoduplication Service,/ 1938./ Bio/History: Clergyman. Open to research./ Forms part of: Miscellaneous Manuscripts collection./ Occupation: Clergy. OCLC: 79453517.
• Joel Tyler Headley. The Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution. Scribner, 1864, p. 74.
• Eleanor Lexington. Clarke Is a Name of Distinguished Derivation. Seattle Sunday Times, July 3, 1904, p. 52.

• Sermon on the Death of William Patterson.
• Evidences of the Christian religion, designed chiefly for the rising generation. Compiled by Joseph Clark. [One line from John]. [4], 118, [2] pp. 18 cm.

22nd and 24th President of the United States. See Cleveland's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

U. S. Senator, Governor of New York, advocate of the 12th Amendment, "Father of the Erie Canal." Many places have been named for Clinton. The state of Illinois named two counties after him, the only instance in the United States of two counties in the same state being named after the same person.
* Clinton County, Illinois
* DeWitt County, Illinois, the county seat of which is Clinton, Illinois
* Clinton, Indiana
* Clinton, Arkansas
* DeWitt, Iowa
* Clinton County, Iowa, the county seat of which is Clinton, Iowa
* DeWitt Clinton High School, Bronx, NY
* Clinton, Massachusetts
* Clinton County, Michigan
* DeWitt, Michigan which is located in Clinton County
Read more about Clinton here, here and here.

• William W. Campbell. The Life and Writings of DeWitt Clinton. New York: Baker and Scribner, 1849. 418 pp.: port.; 23 cm. Contents: Sketch of the family of Clinton -- Address to the alumni of Columbia College -- Internal improvements -- Private canal journal -- Address before the New York Historical Society on the Iroquois or Six Nations -- Speech in the Senate of the United States on the Mississippi question -- Address before the American Bible Society -- Address before the Free School Society in the city of New York -- Address before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Union College -- Appendix, Indian speeches [from Smith's History of New York]. Also here.
• From The Life and Writings of DeWitt Clinton, pp. 297-308. Address before the American Bible Society. "On Thursday, May 8th, 1823, was held at the City Hotel, New York, the Seventh Anniversary of the American Bible Society. The Hon. JOHN JAY, President of the Society, by reason of his advanced age and infirmity, not being able to be present, the chair was taken by Gen. Matthew Clarkson, senior Vice President, who was supported by the Hon. De Witt Clinton and Richard Varick, Esq., Vice Presidents." Published in The Evangelical Witness, v. 1, n. 12, July 1823.

  "Christianity may be contemplated in two important aspects. First, in reference to our destiny in the world to come. And whatever may be intimated to the contrary by the sneers of infidelity, or the cavils of scepticism, it may be asserted boldly, and can be demonstrated conclusively, that to its celestial influence we are indebted for the blessings of civilization, the elevation of the female character, and enjoyment of domestic happiness, the successful cultivation of knowledge, the establishment of free government, and the dominion of good order and peace, wherever they prevail in the great communities of mankind."

  ... "We are governed by our hopes and our fears--by the desire of happiness and the dread of misery. The laws which regulate our conduct are the laws of man, and the laws of God. To which may be added, as exercising a strong influence and, in many instances, a controlling power over our actions, an anxious desire to acquire the good will, and to avoid the contempt of our fellow creatures, by a conformity to the general sense of right and wrong. This is denominated by Mr. Lock, the law of opinion. The sanctions of laws in order to be complete, ought to comprise rewards, as well as punishments. The inefficiency of human laws for their intended objects is palpable from the daily operations of society, and the accumulated experience of ages. Secret crimes are of course unpunished; and how many of the guilty escape from the want of testimony, from casualties, and from the imperfect or perverse dispensation of justice and mercy? And there are many aberrations from virtue, which do not come within the cognizance or the policy of human legislation. Violations of what are termed the duties of imperfect obligation answer to this description. Ingratitude, infidelity in friendship, the want of charity, an infraction of hospitality, are not punished by the tribunals of men. And deeds of the most dangerous character, which strike at the very foundation of private happiness and public prosperity, are sometimes not considered criminal. Lying and adultery, for instance, escape with impunity. ...

  "The efficacy of the law of opinion is also limited, and has all the imperfections attached to humanity. It cannot reach those who are hardened in infamy and plunged in iniquity; and its sanctions do not extend beyond the limits of this world. Hypocrisy braves its denunciations; and exalted rank and great opulence feel, in some degree, superior to its terrors. ...

  "The sanctions of the Divine law supply all these deficiencies; cover the whole area of human action, reach every case, punish every sin, and recompense every virtue. Its rewards and its punishments are graduated with perfect justice; and its appeals to the hopes and fears of man are of the most potent character and transcendent influence.

  "The codes of men and the laws of opinion derive a great portion of their weight from the influence of a future world. Justice cannot be administered without the sanctity of truth; and the great security against perjury is the amenability of another state. The sanctions of religion compose the foundations of good government; and the ethics, doctrines, and examples furnished by Christianity exhibit the best models for the laws of opinion."

• The Religious Intelligencer. Volume 10, n. 1, June 4, 1825. The 9th annual report of the American Bible Society. Includes address by Governor De Witt Clinton.
  "That Christianity has elevated the character of man and blessed him in his domestic connexions and in his social relations, cannot be denied by the most obdurate scepticism. We must indeed shut our eyes against the light of truth, if we do not yield implicit faith to the exalting and ameliorating virtues of our divine religion. We can perhaps form a striking estimate of its blessings, by supposing that it had never shed its effulgence upon the nations. What then would have been the state of the world? In all probability, the Gothic darkness which benighted mankind on the breaking up of the Roman Empire, would have been perpetuated. Man would have lost his recuperative energies, and the revolutions of ages would have witnessed his torpid inactivity and hopeless debasement."
• Ebenezer Bancroft Williston, compiler. Eloquence of the United States, Volume 5. E. & H. Clark, 1827. Discourse delivered at Schenectady, July 22, A.D. 1823, Before the New York Alpha of the Phi Beta Kappa. "Christianity is in its essence, its doctrines, and its forms, republican. It teaches our descent from a common pair; it inculcates the natural equality of mankind: and it points to our origin and our end, to our nativity and our graves, and to our immortal destinies, as illustrations of this impressive truth."
  

. Read about Cogswell here.

• A Sermon, preached before the General Assembly of the colony of Connecticut, at Hartford, on the day of their anniversary election, May 9th, 1771. New-London [Conn.] : Printed by Timothy Green, printer to the governor and Company, M,DCC,LXXI. [1771], 58 pp.

Boston clergyman. Read more about Colman here.

• Ebenezer Turell.The Life and Character of the Reverend Benjamin Colman, D.D.: late Pastor of a church in Boston New-England, who deceased August 29th 1747. Boston, 1749. 256 pp.
• Government the pillar of the earth: A Sermon preached at the lecture in Boston, before His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq; captain general and commander in chief, &c. August 13th 1730.
• Government the Pillar of the Earth: A Sermon preached at the lecture in Boston, before His Excellency Jonathan Belcher, Esq, captain general and Commander in Chief, &c. Boston, in New-England, 1730. 21 pp.

  3. Are rulers the pillars of the earth; are they the Lord's? And has He set the world upon them? Let all that are in public offices consider their obligations to be PILLARS in the places wherein Providence has set them.

  Let rulers consider what they owe to God, who has reared and set them up, and to the public which God has set upon them. Let them seek wisdom and strength, grace and conduct from God, that they may answer the title given them in my text. Let them stand and bear and act for God, whose they are and who has set them where they are. Let the public good be their just care, that it may be seen that God has set the world in their hearts as well as laid it on their shoulders. Let them act uprightly, that they may stand secure and strong. Let them fear God and rule by His Word, that they may be approved by God and accepted always by men with all thankfulness.

  As government is the pillar of the earth, so religion is the pillar of government. Take away the fear of God's government and judgment, and human rule utterly falls or corrupts into tyranny. But if religion rules in the hearts and lives of rulers, God will have glory, and the people be made happy.

  FATHERS of our country, let me freely say to you that the devotion and virtue [morality] of our humble, but illustrious ancestors (the first planters [settlers] of New England), laid the foundation of our greatness among the provinces: And it is this that must continue and establish it under the Divine favor and blessing. Emulate their piety and godliness and generous regards to the public, and be acknowledged the pillars, the strength and ornament of your country!

• Dr. Benjamin Colman, Christ Standing for an Ensign of the People (1738).
• Christ standing for an ensign of the people: A Sermon preached at the Honourable and Ancient Artillery Company in Boston, June 5, 1738. Boston, 1738. 35 pp.
• The Credibility of the Christian doctrine of the resurrection: A Sermon preached (in part) at the publick lecture in Boston, July 24th 1729. Boston, 1729. 37 pp.
• The Government & improvement of mirth according to the laws of Christianity: In three sermons. I. Of civil & natural II. Of carnal & vicious mirth III. Of spiritual & holy joy.
• A Devout Contemplation on the meaning of Divine Providence, in the early death of pious and lovely children . Preached upon the sudden and and lamented death of Mrs. Elizabeth Wainwright. Who departed this life, April the 8th. 1714. Having just compleated [sic] the fourteenth year of her age. Boston, 1714. 35 pp.
• A Brief dissertation on the three first chapters of Genesis. Giving some of the evident signatures of the inspiration of God in those first pages. Boston, 1735. 65 pp.
• The Rending of the vail of the temple at the crucifixion of our Lord & Saviour Jesus Christ. Consider'd in a sacramental discourse had in Boston. The second edition. Boston [Mass.], 1722. 32 pp.
• The fast which God hath chosen: A Sermon preached at the lecture in Boston, March 21, 1734, preparatory to an appointed day of publick fasting. Boston, 1734. 25 pp.
• The Religious Regards we owe to our country and the blessings of heaven assured thereunto: A Sermon preached before His Excellency Samuel Shute, Boston, 1718. 62 pp.
• A Sermon preach'd at Boston in New-England on Thursday the 23d. of August, 1716. Being the day of publick thanksgiving, for the suppression of the late vile and traiterous rebellion in Great Britain. Boston, 1716. 27 pp.
• A Sermon preach'd at the ordination of Mr. William Cooper, in Boston, N.E. May 23. 1716. By Benjamin Colman. Boston, 1716. 66 pp.

American clergyman. Learn more about Colton here.

• History and character of American revivals of religion. London: F. Westley and A. H. Davis, 1832. 294 pp. Also here.
• Tour of the American lakes and among the Indians of the North-West territory in 1830: disclosing the character and prospects of the Indian race. London: 1833. Volume 1 of 2. 347 pp. Volume 2 of 2. 393 pp.
• Manual for Emigrants to America. London: 1832. 213 pp.
  "Those, who do not respect the Christian religion, in its own proper garb, and in the legitimate administration of its ordinances, will be little welcome, and find little sympathy in the United States. Christianity there has found its own proper basis in the respect and affections of the respectable portion of the community -- and the enemyof the country, and will in vain assert his claims to respect and confidence, so long as such is known to be his character. And the Christian religion is every day acquiring a stronger hold on the mind of the American public; -- and he who does not like such an atmosphere may be warned before-hand to keep away. He will not be esteemed an acquisition to American society.
  "In a word--he, who loves liberty without licentiousness--who indulges reasonable and chastened expectations--who is as willing to be industrious, as he is to be rich--whose virtue is equal to his desire of respectability--and who is resolved to maintain a good conscience in the sight of God, as well as of man--such a person, from whatever part of the world, would be welcomed in the United States,--and would be likely to prosper and be happy there. And so far as the Author is concerned, he can neither desire, nor recommend any others to go."

American author. Political economist in New Jersey and Philadelphia.

• The Position of Christianity in the United States, in its Relations with our Political Institutions, and specially with reference to religious instruction in the public schools. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambio & Co., 1854), viii, 9-175 pp.; 22 cm. Also here.

  Whatever of religious intolerance survived our Colonial history was nearly worn out during the period of our struggle for independence. That was the united effort of men of various Christian denominations, all of whom appealed to God for the justice of their common cause and for that assistance which only Divine wisdom could give, and all of whom were grateful for that Divine favor which was so manifestly accorded. Their gratitude to the Great Giver of every good gift for the success of the effort was shown in very many unequivocal acts of thankfulness and praise. They felt that their success had imposed upon them not only cause of gratitude for the past, but heavy responsibilities for the future. They could not but realize that God in giving them the victory had made no distinction of persons nor of denominations. The blessing was common to all; it was becoming inall that their thanksgiving should be in unison and that the performance of the accruing duties of their position should be harmonious. It was in this spirit that our Revolutionary Fathers addressed themselves to the great task which lay before them. That task was to frame such political institutions as might secure to them, their posterity and the strangers from all the world who should seek a home in this favored land, all the liberty, comfort and happiness which individuals can enjoy consistently with the peace, welfare and order of an entire nation. What they had won together they meant to enjoy in common; they supposed that the exercise of the same virtues of selfdenial, patience and trust in God which had given them victory in a struggle for existence, would secure to them all the blessings of peace, liberty and industry. They intended that the soil their efforts had redeemed should be a home to all the pilgrims of earth, driven by what cause soever from their native lands. None were excluded from the enjoyment of the benefits offered in a residence here, whatever their political or religious opinions, provided they submitted themselves to the few restraints of our laws and demeaned themselves in the spirit of our institutions. It was an asylum for the world which they established; it was a benevolent institution which they constructed and in which they offered to receive every human being who would enter and conform to its regulations. In proportion as these regulations were few in number and liberal in terms, was it necessary also that they should be firmly enforced. There could be no national liberty without law, and no peace without order. In offering a refuge to the suffering and to the discontented of all nations, they did not mean to surrender any of the advantages they had secured, nor to sacrifice any of the vital principles for which they had contended. They offered political liberty, but it was a liberty to be enjoyed under and in consistency with our legislation. They had no intention of surrendering their political institutions, in their form or spirit, to those who might prefer a despotic or monarchical form of government. There was a plain and necessary limit to their liberality; neither they nor their descendants nor successors were to be deprived of the benefits they had offered to others, under any pretence, or through any abuse of the privileges thus conferred. This reservation was no more than the right of self-preservation. They offered political freedom to all who might need the boon; but they did not offer the subversion of the very fabric they had reared for their own comfort and as an asylum to all others.

  There was another limitation of their generosity equally vital. They were men of a Christian country; they reverenced the God of Christians; they acknowledged the revelation of his will contained in the Holy Scriptures; they derived the sanctions of their institutions, and the morality of their legislation and of their whole social system, from these Scriptures. They took themselves, and offered to all who came, religious liberty; they neither bound themselves nor others to any religious observance of the injunctions of God's word; but they neither permitted these Scriptures nor their Author to be blasphemed nor openly contemned, nor his wrorship to be disturbed. They neither established nor imposed any religious formality or doctrine as such, but they did not permit nor contemplate the substitution of any other code of morality than that which the Scriptures teach. They were fully aware of the debt which they owed to Christianity, and of the vital importance of its influence and teachings to modern civilization, and they could not abate one jot from the advantages thus to be gained. They constrained no man to be a Christian, nor to pretend to be one; but they held every citizen to acquiesce in the fact that Christianity was paramount to all other religions in the land, -- that its morality was their morality, that its God was their God, and that it pervaded, controlled, and shaped, more or less, all their institutions and legislation.

  It was in the very spirit of true Christianity that the hospitality and blessings of the United States were offered to all the world; all were invited to enjoy, and not to subvert. The Christian men of that day did not intend, in yielding to others political and religious freedom, to lessen their own privileges, nor to diminish the proper authority of Christianity in the land; they intended that the nation should continue to be a Christian nation,--that Christian morality should still pervade its legislation and social system, and that Christianity should continue to have a home here, at least, during the life of the nation. They did not place Christianity beneath nor over their political institutions: it was rather to be the atmosphere which they breathed who administered them: it was to be the source of their inspiration who sought to make them available for human advantage. These institutions and laws were to be the instruments of Christian men, for the good of the whole human family. The toleration, which was extended to all who chose to come within our borders, was Christian toleration. The Christianity of that day did not disfranchise itself; it did not admit that it was inferior to any other form of religion, nor did it concede that any other was its equal; it accepted no control from any other, nor placed itself under any dominion. It was no creature of the law, nor of our constitutions; it acknowledged them, and they acknowledged it. No other religion could, by any possibility, occupy the same relations to the people and their government as Christianity. It did not, therefore, accept toleration at the hands of the men who framed our system; they would have blushed at such a sentiment. Christianity was not a supplicant for their favor, and for a residence among them; they were Christian men, exercising Christian toleration towards others, and preparing for its continuance in all time to come. They could not, therefore, intend, in any degree, to lessen the benefits to be derived from this association with Christianity; they regarded it, indeed, as the very bulwark of their labors, and they believed that the blessings which would flow from them would be due more to the infusion of Christian sentiments than to any wisdom of their own.

  The days of Church Establishments, or the union of Church and State, were then nearly numbered in this country. It was clearly perceived that Christianity claimed no secular office nor power. Its morality, as the morality of a Christian people, being already an ingredient of their common law, was to be carried by them still deeper into their legal and social systems. The government and laws were to be administered by Christian people : not by Christianity, not by a Church, nor by any Ecclesiastical authority of any kind. The only Christian control contemplated, was, the control of Christian men exercising that toleration which Christianity teaches. It was felt from the beginning that such institutions as were prepared for the United States would scarcely be safe in other than Christian hands, or in hands mainly controlled by Christian influences.

  It could not have been otherwise than the intention of the founders of our Republic to perpetuate the Christianity to which they felt so deeply indebted and to the influences of which they chiefly looked for the continuance of the political institutions they had established. They could not but anticipate that any other than Christian hands would abuse the ample powers they had conferred upon officers and legislators, and they must have ardently desired that Christian activity and purity should keep pace with the growth and development of our population and material prosperity. These desires could not find any shape in the legal enactments of that period. They had launched the Republic and committed her to the Christian virtue and skill of those who were to be the navigators in after time.
  --pp. 10-12.

• Politics for American Christians: a word upon our example as a nation, our labour, our trade, elections, education, and congressional legislation. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1852. 1 pp. l., iv, [5]-134 pp.
• Carey, Henry Charles, 1793-1879. A Memoir of Stephen Colwell: Read before the American Philosophical Society, Friday, November 17, 1871. Philadelphia: Collins, 1871. 35 pp.; 24 cm.

Clergyman and educator. Read about Converse here.

• The relation of Christianity and of the several forms of Christianity to the republican institutions of the United States: A Sermon preached ... Burlington [Vt.]; ([Burlington, Vt.?], 1833. 32 pp.

Pastor of the Second Church in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

• The True Principles of Civil Government. A Sermon Preached at Cambridge, in the Audience of His Honor Thomas Hutchinson, Esq; Lieutenant-Governor and Commander in Chief; The Honorable His Majesty's Council, and the Honorable House of Representatives, of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, May 30th, 1770. Being the Anniversary for the Election of His Majesty's Council for the Said Province. (Boston: Edes and Gill, Printers to the Honorable House of Representatives, 1770).

  " From this [2 Sam. 23:3, 4] and many other passages in the sacred oracles, it is evident that the Supreme Ruler, though he has directed to no particular mode of civil government, yet allows and approves of the establishment of it among men. "The ends of civil government, in divine revelation, are clearly pointed out, the character of rulers described, and the duty of subjects asserted and explained; and in this view civil government may be considered as an ordinance of God, and, when justly exercised, greatly subservient to the glorious purposes of divine providence and grace: but the particular form is left to the choice and determination of mankind."

  • The True Principles of Civil Government. Abstract: "It should be noted that Thomas Hutchinson, the Lieutenant Governor before whom this sermon was preached (who became a famous Loyalist, following what has been described as his "ordeal" at the hands of the American Revolutionaries), was a political adherent of the local superimperialistic British (William Shirley) faction whose Hobbesian policies (originally designed by the British Board of Trade in England) brought on the American Revolution--beginning in the 1740's-1750's."
• The Violent Destroyed: and Oppressed Delivered: A Sermon, Preached at Lexington, April 19, 1777. For a memorial of the bloody tragedy, barbarously acted, by a party of British troops, in that town and the adjacent, April 19, 1775. / By Samuel Cooke, A.M. Pastor of the Second Church in Cambridge; [Five lines of Scripture quotations] Boston: Printed by Draper and Phillips, for Thomas Leverett and Nicholas Bowes, in Cornhill, M,DCC,LXXVII. [1777]. 31, [1] pp.; 22 cm. (8vo). Also here.

See President Coolidge's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

• A sermon preached to the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company: in Boston, New-England, June 3. 1751. Being the anniversary of their election of officers. / By Samuel Cooper, A.M. Pastor of a church in Boston. Boston: Printed by J. Draper, for J. Edwards in Cornhill, and D. Gookin in Marlborough-Street, M,DCC,LI. [1751] 40 pp.; 21 cm. (8vo)
• Consolation to the mourner, and instruction both to youth and old age, from the early death of the righteous: in two discourses by Samuel Cooper. Yarmouth, 1786. 184 pp.
• A Sermon preached before His Excellency John Hancock, Esq; governour, the Honourable the Senate, and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, October 25, 1780. Being the day of the commencement of the Constitution, and inauguration of the new government. By Samuel Cooper, D.D. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1780. 59 pp.
• William Allen. Biographies of William Cooper and His Son Samuel Cooper (includes William Cooper's Preface to Jonathan Edwards' Work The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God which describes the Great Awakening). From American Biographical and Historical Dictionary [...] and a Summary of the History of the Several Colonies and the United States (William Hilliard, 1809), pp. 223-226 (slightly edited and abridged).]

Clergyman. Read more about Cooper here.

• The Honours of Christ demanded of the Magistrate: A sermon preach'd in the audience of His Excellency the governour, the honourable the Council and Representatives, of the province of Massachusetts-Bay, in New-England, May 28. 1740. The day for the election of His Majesty's Council there. / By William Cooper, A.M. Pastor of a church in Boston.; [Two lines from John] Boston: N.E. : Printed by J. Draper, printer to His Excellency the governour and Council, for J. Edwards and H. Foster, in Cornhil, 1740. 55 pp.
• Christ the true messiah. A Sermon, preached, at Sion-Chapel, Whitechapel, to God's ancient Israel, the Jews, on Sunday, August 28, 1796. The second edition. [London], 1796. 36 pp.
• Daniel's seventy weeks. A sermon preached at Sion-Chapel, on Sunday afternoon, September 18, 1796, to the Jews. The fourth edition. London, 1798. 32 pp.
• The Genuine and correct sermon, as preached to the ancient people of God, the Jews, at Sion Chapel, Union Street, Whitechapel. London, 1796. 31 pp.
• The Promised seed. A sermon, preached to God's ancient Israel, the Jews, at Sion-Chapel, Whitechapel, on Sunday afternoon, August 28, 1796. . The fourth edition. London, [1796?]. 41 pp.
• The Wisdom and necessity of the Mosaic revelation, a sermon preached at the cathedral church of York, June 20, 1772. Cambridge, 1773. 14 pp.

Presbyterian minister, Washington, Illinois. Read about Cornelison here.

• The Relation of Religion to Civil Government in the United States of America: A State Without a Church, but Not Without a Religion. New York: Putnam, 1895. xi, 393 pp.; 21 cm. Also here.

Third McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence and first chairman of the Department of Politics, was considered the lleading expositor of the intent and meaning of the Constitution. Read about Corwin here and here.

• The Higher Law Background of American Constitutional Law, Part 1. Harvard Law Review, Vol. 42, Issue 2 (December 1928), pp. 149-185.
• The Higher Law Background of American Constitutional Law, Part 2. Harvard Law Review. Vol. 42, Issue 3 (January 1929), pp. 365-409.
  "Every spiritual or ecclesiastical corporation receives its being from a spiritual combination ... there is no man constrained to enter into such a condition, unless he will; and he that will enter, must also willingly bind and engage himself to each member of that society to promote the good of the whole, or else a member actually he is not." Quoting Thomas Hooker from Walker, Life Of Thomas Hooker, 1891. pp. 124-25.
  • George Chalmers. Opinions of Eminent Lawyers, on various points of English jurisprudence: chiefly concerning the colonies, fisheries and commerce, of Great Britain: collected, and digested, from the originals, in the Board of trade, and other depositories, Volumes 1-2 Volumes 1 - 2, Reed and Hunter, 1814.
  • Rodney Loomer Mott, 1896- Due Process Of Law, a historical and analytical treatise of the principles and methods followed by the courts in the application of the concept of the "law of the land." Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 1926. lxxxi, 702 pp. 24 cm.
  • New York Historical Society Collections for the Year 1869. 1870. p. 204.
  • Rule of Law in Colonial Massachusetts. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 108, Issue 7 (May 1960), pp. 1001-1036.

British divine and author. Read more about Croly here.

• A Memoir of the political life of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke: with extracts from his writings. Volume 1. Edinburgh; (Edinburgh), 1840. 345 pp. 2 vols.

Ellis Sandoz: "Henry Cumings (1739-1823). One of the ablest men of his time, Cumings was graduated with the 1760 class at Harvard, awarded an S.T.D. by Harvard in 1800, and spent his career as pastor of the First Congregational Parish of Billerica, Massachusetts. From the early 1770s Cumings was a zealous patriot who decried the tyranny of Great Britain in its dealings with the colonies; to him, Americans were "the chosen people of God, raised up and sustained by his Providence" (Sibley's Harvard Graduates, 14:580). Favoring the revivalism of the Great Awakening and of Edwards and Whitefield, he placed reason and biblical revelation at the center of his religion so as to be regarded as an Arminian and, later, as a Unitarian, despite his insistence that he was an evangelical." --Political Sermons of the American Founding Era: 1730-1805, 2 vols, Foreword by Ellis Sandoz (2nd edition Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998). Vol. 1.

• A Sermon, preached in Billerica, on the 23d of November, 1775. Being the day appointed by civil authority, for a public thanksgiving throughout. Massachusetts-Bay: Worcester, [1776]. 29 pp.
• A Thanksgiving Sermon preached at Billerica, November 27. 1766. By Henry Cumings, A.M. Pastor of the church there. [Two lines from David]. Boston: N.E., MDCCLXVII. [1767].
• A Sermon preached at Lexington, on the 19th of April, 1781. Being the anniversary of the commencement of hostilities between Great-Britain and America, which took place in that town, on the 19th of April, 1775. By Henry Cumings, A.M. Pastor of the church in Billerica. [Three lines of Scripture texts]. Boston, M,DCC,LXXXI. [1781]. 37 pp. Also here. From Political Sermons of the American Founding Era. Vol. 1 (1730-1788). Ellis Sandoz: "Cumings published seventeen works, many having considerable value and demonstrating his incisive and distinguished mind. The sermon reprinted here is from the middle of his life, preached at Lexington on April 19, 1781, on the sixth anniversary of the beginning of the Revolution."
  The appeal has been made to heaven, and heaven has hitherto supported us, and restrained the wrath of our enemies. Trusting in God therefore, we should take courage still to stand fast in the liberties, wherewith he has made us free, without fondly desiring any dishonorable and dangerous compositions.
  But though from the great things which God has done for us, we are encouraged to hope, that his providence will, in due time, work compleat salvation for us, if we continue to exert ourselves, as becometh free men; yet no one can certainly tell what will be the issue of the present contest, or how it will terminate. The volumes of futurity are locked against human inspection; nor is it possible to ascertain the event of any human enterprize or undertaking. Our concern should be, to make the great Governor of futurity our friend, as we desire the kind assistances of his propitious providence, to bring our enemies to make peace with us, upon terms of honor, justice and equality.
• A Sermon preached before His Honor Thomas Cushing, Esq; lieutenant-governor, the Honorable the Council, and the two branches of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts May 28, 1783. Being the anniversary of general election. By Henry Cumings, A.M. Pastor of the church in Billerica. Boston, 1783. 54 pp. Also here.
  As then are formed for society, and cannot be happy in a state of separation from one another; so their well-being depends upon mutual assistance and support, and a reciprocal interchange of those offices of friendship and benevolence, which their mutual dependence requires, and both reason and religion prescribe.
  That all men ought in some sense to be subject to one another, is the plain doctrine of the apostle Peter, in the words just read. This doctrine concerns all societies, under every form and constitution of government, whether monarchal, popular or mixed.
  It is especially suited to the genius of a commonwealth, founded upon this leading principle, that 'all men are born free and equal;' that is, come into the world on even ground in regard to authority; no one having a right to govern, in virtue of primogeniture or descent from an higher and more noble parentage than others.
• A Sermon preached in Billerica, December 11, 1783, the day recommended by Congress to all the states, to be observed as a day of public Thanksgiving, and appointed to be observed accordingly, throughout the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, by the authority of the same. By Henry Cumings, A.M. Pastor of the church there. Boston, 1784.
• A Sermon preached at Billerica, December 15, 1796, being the day appointed by authority, to be observed throughout the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as a day of public praise and Thanksgiving. By Henry Cumings, A.M. Pastor of the church there. [Boston], MDCCXCVII. [1797].
• A Sermon preached at Billerica, November 29, 1798, being the day of the anniversary Thanksgiving throughout the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. By Henry Cumings, A.M. Pastor of the church in said town. [Boston], MDCCXCVIII. [1798].
• An Eulogy on the late patriot Washington, addressed to the people of Billerica, January 10, 1800; when they honoured him with funeral solemnities. By Henry Cumings. Amherst [N.H.], Feb. 1800. 14 pp.

Author.

• Edward Currier. The Political Textbook: containing the Declaration of Independence, with the lives of the signers; the Constitution of the United States; the inaugural addresses and first annual messages of all the Presidents, from Washington to Tyler; the farewell addresses of George Washington and Andrew Jackson; and a variety of useful tables, etc. Worcester, Mass, W. Blake, 1842. 512 pp. tables. 19 cm.

Author.

• The importance of virtue and piety as qualifications of rulers, a discourse delivered March 31, 1805, by Daniel Dana. 27 pp.

Located in Hanover, New Hampshire, one of 9 colleges founded before the American revolution. Dartmouth was founded in 1769 by Rev. Eleazar Wheelock for "the education and instruction of Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land ... and also of English Youth and any others."

• The Charter of Dartmouth College. December 18, 1769. Also here and here. [§10] KNOW YE THEREFORE, that We considering the Premises and being willing to encourage the laudable & charitable design of spreading Christian Knowledge among the Savages of our American Wilderness and also that the best means of Education be established in our province of New Hampshire for the benefit of said province, DO of our special grace certain knowledge and mere motion by and with the advice of our Council for said Province by the Presents Will, ordain, grant & constitute that there be a College erected in our said Province of New Hampshire by the name of DARTMOUTH COLLEGE [§11] for the education & instruction of Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land in reading, writing & all parts of Learning which shall appear necessary and expedient for civilizing & christianizing Children of Pagans as well as in all liberal Arts and Sciences; and also of English Youth and any others, ...
• Dartmouth College. Portland, Maine, Gazette, vol. XIX, iss. 17, July 16, 1816.

English puritan clergyman and co-founder of the American colony of New Haven. Read about Davenport here.

• Gods call to his people to turn unto him: together with his promise to turn unto them, opened and applied in II sermons at two publick fasting-dayes appointed by authority / by John Davenport. Cambridge [Mass.] : Printed by S.G. and M.J. for John Usher, 1669. 27 pp.
• A Sermon preach'd at the election of the governour, at Boston in New-England, May 19th 1669. [Cambridge, Mass. : s.n.], 1670. 16 pp. Also here.

  1. It is from the Light and Law of Nature, and the Law of Nature is God's Law.
  2. The orderly ruling of men over men, in general, is from God, in its root, though voluntary in the manner of coalescing: It being supposed that men be combined in Family-Society, it is necessary that they be joyned in a Civil-Society; that union being made, the power of Civil-Government, and of making Laws, followeth naturally, though the manner of union, in a Political Body, is voluntary. That we defend our selves from violence and wrong, is a consequent of pure Nature: but that we do it by devolving our Power into the hands of Civil Rulers, this seems to be rather positively moral, than natural.
  3. Because this special Form of Civil Government of Commonweales, by men orderly chosen, the Scripture ascribes unto God; and also Civil Government, administred by Judges and Magistrates, as Christ spake concerning Pilate, Joh. 19. 11. Jesus answered, Thou couldst have no power at all against me, except it were given thee from above: and they are said to judge not for man, but for the Lord, 2 Chron. 19. 6. hence they are called Gods, Psal. 82. 6,7. as appointed by him, according to Christ's exposition of those words, Joh. 10. 35. If he calleth them Gods, unto whom the Word of God was given. See what the Wisdom of God, which is Jesus Christ, saith in Prov. 8. 15,16. By me Kings reign, and Princes decree justice. Object. In 1 Pet. 2. 13,14. Civil Government by Civil Rulers is called a humane Ordinance, Üíèñùðßíç êôßóåß.
  

• Franklin B. Dexter. Sketch of the Life and Writings of John Davenport. Read before the Society February 1, 1875. Published in PAPERS OF THE NEW HAVEN COLONY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, vol. II (1877), pp. 205-238. Depositor's note: This is still the most complete published biography of John Davenport (1597-1670); it runs 29 pages, plus a bibliography of his works.

American revolutionary. Professor of Greek and Latin Languages 1780-1782 Professor of History 1782-1784. Presbyterian clergyman. President of Dickinson College. Read about Davidson here.

• A Sermon, On the freedom and happiness of the United States of America preached in Carlisle, on the 5th Oct. 1794. And published at the request of the officers of the Philadelphia and Lancaster troops of light horse. Philadelphia: printed by Samuel H. Smith for Robert Campbell., 1794. 28 pp.; 18 cm. (8vo)

Fourth president of Princeton University. Presbyterian minister. Read about Davies here.

• The Curse of cowardice. London: printed for J. Buckland; J. Ward; and T. Field, 1758.
• Little children invited to Jesus Christ; A Sermon preached in Hanover County, Virginia; with an account of the late remarkable religious impressions among the students in the College of New-Jersey. The 5th edition. Boston: Printed by Z. Fowle, for A. Barclay next door but one to the Sign of the Three Kings, in Cornhill, 1765. 24 pp.; 15 cm. (8vo)
• Religion and patriotism the constituents of a good soldier. A Sermon preached to Captain Overton's Independant Company of Volunteers, raised in Hanover County, Virginia, August 17, 1755. By Samuel Davies. Philadelphia, 1755. 24 pp.
• Religion and public spirit: A Valedictory address to the Senior Class, delivered in Nassau Hall, September 21, 1760. The Sunday before commencement. [New York]: Printed and sold by James Parker and Co., at the new-printing-office in Beaver-Street, 1761. [2], 18 pp.; 20 cm. (8vo)

Historian. Read about Derby here.

• With James Terry White. A Conspectus of American Biography: Being an Analytical Summary of American History and Biography, Containing Also the Complete Indexes of the National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Compiled by George Derby. New York: J. T. White, 1906. 752 pp. Original from the New York Public Library.
  Notable Sayings and Sentiments of Famous Americans.

American lawyer, state legislator and jurist from South Carolina. Director of the U.S. Mint. Read more about De Saussure here and in the Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography.

• Letters on the questions of the justice and expediency of going into alterations of the representation in the legislature of South-Carolina, as fixed by the constitution. Charleston [S.C.]: Printed by Markland & M'Iver, no. 47, Bay., 1795. [2], 33, [1] pp.; 23 cm. Numbers I-III./ Attributed to Henry William De Saussure by Evans, based on an inscription in the Charleston Social Library copy, formerly owned by William Loughton Smith./ Dedicated to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Edward Rutledge.

French political thinker. Read more about de Tocqueville here, here and here.

• [De la démocratie en Amérique -- English] Democracy in America. Cambridge: Sever and Francis, 1862. 2 vols.; 23 cm. Translated by Henry Reeve. Edited, with notes, the translation revised and in great part rewritten, and the additions made to the recent Paris editions now first translated, by Francis Bowen, Alford Professor of Moral Philosophy in Harvard University.
  Volume 1 of 2. 582 pp.
  Volume 2 of 2. 512 pp.

  "It must never be forgotten that religion gave birth to Anglo-American society. In the United States, religion is therefore mingled with all the habits of the nation and all the feelings of patriotism, whence it derives a peculiar force. To this reason another of no less power may be added: in America, religion has, as it were, laid down its own limits. Religious institutions have remained wholly distinct from political institutions, so that former laws have been easily changed whilst former belief has remained unshaken. Christianity has therefore retained a strong hold on the public mind in America; and I would more particularly remark, that its sway is not only that of a philosophical doctrine which has been adopted upon inquiry, but of a religion which is believed without discussion. In the United States, Christian sects are infinitely diversified and perpetually modified; but Christianity itself is all established and irresistible fact, which no one undertakes either to attack or to defend. The Americans, having admitted the principnl doctrines of the Christian religion without inquiry, are obliged to accept in like manner a great number of moral truths originating in it and connected with it. Hence the activity of individual analysis is restrained within narrow limits, and many of the most important of human opinions are removed from its influence." pp. 5-6.

  ... I think then that the species of oppression by which democratic nations are menaced is unlike anything which ever before existed in the world: our contemporaries will find no prototype of it in their memories. I am trying myself to choose an expression which will accurately convey the whole of the idea I have formed of it, but in vain; the old words "despotism" and "tyranny" are inappropriate: the thing itself is new; and since I cannot name it, I must attempt to define it.

  I seek to trace the novel features under which despotism may appear in the world. The first thing that strikes the observation is an innumerable multitude of men all equal and alike, incessantly endeavoring to procure the petty and paltry pleasures with which they glut their lives. Each of them, living apart, is as a stranger to the fate of all the rest; his children and his private friends constitute to him the whole of mankind; as for the rest of his fellow-citizens, he is close to them, but he sees them not; he touches them, but he feels them not; he exists but in himself and for himself alone; and if his kindred still remain to him, he may be said at any rate to have lost his country. Above this race of men stands an immense and tutelary power, which takes upon itself alone to secure their gratifications, and to watch over their fate. That power is absolute, minute, regular, provident, and mild. It would be like the authority of a parent, if, like that authority, its object was to prepare men for manhood; but it seeks on the contrary to keep them in perpetual childhood: it is well content that the people should rejoice, provided they think of nothing but rejoicing. For their happiness such a government willingly labors, but it chooses to be the sole agent and the only arbiter of that happiness: it provides for their security, foresees and supplies their necessities, facilitates their pleasures, manages their principal concerns, directs their industry, regulates the descent of property, and subdivides their inheritances; what remains, but to spare them all the care of thinking and all the trouble of living? Thus it every day renders the exercise of the free agency of man less useful and less frequent; it circumscribes the will within a narrower range, and gradually robs a man of all the uses of himself. The principle of equality has prepared men for these things: it has predisposed men to endure them, and oftentimes to look on them as benefits.

  After having thus successively taken each member of the community in its powerful grasp, and fashioned them at will, the supreme power then extends its arm over the whole community. It covers the surface of society with a net-work of small complicated rules, minute and uniform, through which the most original minds and the most energetic characters cannot penetrate, to rise above the crowd. The will of man is not shattered, but softened, bent, and guided: men are seldom forced by it to act, but they are constantly restrained from acting: such a power does not destroy, but it prevents existence; it does not tyrannize, but it compresses, enervates, extinguishes, and stupefies a people, till each nation is reduced to be nothing better than a flock of timid and industrious animals, of which the government is the shepherd. I have always thought that servitude of the regular, quiet, and gentle kind which I have just described, might be combined more easily than is commonly believed with some of the outward forms of freedom; and that it might even establish itself under the wing of the sovereignty of the people. Our contemporaries are constantly excited by two conflicting passions; they want to be led, and they wish to remain free: as they cannot destroy either one or the other of these contrary propensities, they strive to satisfy them both at once. They devise a sole, tutelary, and all-powerful form of government, but elected by the people. They combine the principle of centralization and that of popular sovereignty; this gives them a respite; they console themselves for being in tutelage by the reflection that they have chosen their own guardians. Every man allows himself to be put in leading-strings, because he sees that it is not a person or a class of persons, but the people at large that holds the end of his chain. By this system the people shake off their state of dependence just long enough to select their master, and then relapse into it again. A great many persons at the present day are quite contented with this sort of compromise between administrative despotism and the sovereignty of the people; and they think they have done enough for the protection of individual freedom when they have surrendered it to the power of the nation at large. This does not satisfy me: the nature of him I am to obey signifies less to me than the fact of extorted obedience.

  I do not however deny that a constitution of this kind appears to me to be infinitely preferable to one, which, after having concentrated all the powers of government, should vest them in the hands of an irresponsible person or body of persons. Of all the forms which democratic despotism could assume, the latter would assuredly be the worst. When the sovereign is elective, or narrowly watched by a legislature which is really elective and independent, the oppression which he exercises over individuals is sometimes greater, but it is always less degrading; because every man, when he is oppressed and disarmed, may still imagine, that whilst he yields obedience it is to himself he yields it, and that it is to one of his own inclinations that all the rest give way. In like manner I can understand that when the sovereign represents the nation, and is dependent upon the people, the rights and the power of which every citizen is deprived, not only serve the head of the State, but the State itself; and that private persons derive some return from the sacrifice of their independence which they have made to the public. To create a representation of the people in every centralized country, is therefore, to diminish the evil which extreme centralization may produce, but not to get rid of it. I admit that by this means room is left for the intervention of individuals in the more important affairs; but it is not the less suppressed in the smaller and more private ones. It must not be forgotten that it is especially dangerous to enslave men in the minor details of life. For my own part, I should be inclined to think freedom less necessary in great things than in little ones, if it were possible to be secure of the one without possessing the other. Subjection in minor affairs breaks out every day, and is felt by the whole community indiscriminately. It does not drive men to resistance, but it crosses them at every turn, till they are led to surrender the exercise of their will. Thus their spirit is gradually broken and their character enervated; whereas that obedience, which is exacted on a few important but rare occasions, only exhibits servitude at certain intervals, and throws the burden of it upon a small number of men. It is in vain to summon a people, which has been rendered so dependent on the central power, to choose from time to time the representatives of that power; this rare and brief exercise of their free choice, however important it may be, will not prevent them from gradually losing the faculties of thinking, feeling, and acting for themselves, and thus gradually falling below the level of humanity. *

  I add that they will soon become incapable of exercising the great and only privilege which remains to them. The democratic nations which have introduced freedom into their political constitution, at the very time when they were augmenting the despotism of their administrative constitution, have been led into strange paradoxes. To manage those minor affairs in which good sense is all that is wanted; the people are held to be unequal to the task, but when the government of the country is at stake, the people are invested with immense powers; they are alternately made the playthings of their ruler, and his masters; more than kings, and less than men. After having exhausted all the different modes of election, without finding one to suit their purpose, they are still amazed, and still bent on seeking further; as if the evil they remark did not originate in the constitution of the country far more than in that of the electoral body. It is, indeed, difficult to conceive how men who have entirely given up the habit of self-government should succeed in making a proper choice of those by whom they are to be governed; and no one will ever believe that a liberal, wise, and energetic government can spring from the suffrages of a subservient people. A constitution, which should be republican in its head and ultra-monarchical in all its other parts, has ever appeared to me to be a short-lived monster. The vices of rulers and the ineptitude of the people would speedily bring about its ruin; and the nation, weary of its representatives and of itself, would create freer institutions, or soon return to stretch itself at the feet of a single master.

  * Appendix Z

  It cannot be absolutely or generally affirmed that the greatest danger of the present age is license or tyranny, anarchy or despotism. Both are equally to be feared; and the one may as easily proceed as the other from the selfsame cause, namely, that "general apathy," which is the consequence of what I have termed "individualism": it is because this apathy exists, that the executive government, having mustered a few troops, is able to commit acts of oppression one day, and the next day a party, which has mustered some thirty men in its ranks, can also commit acts of oppression. Neither one nor the other can found anything to last; and the causes which enable them to succeed easily, prevent them from succeeding long: they rise because nothing opposes them, and they sink because nothing supports them. The proper object therefore of our most strenuous resistance, is far less either anarchy or despotism than the apathy which may almost indifferently beget either the one or the other.

  • [De la démocratie en Amérique -- English] Democracy in America. Introduction. Cambridge: Sever and Francis, 1862. 2 vols.; 23 cm.
  • Chapter XVII. Principal Causes Which Tend to Maintain the Democratic Republic in the United States. Democracy in America. Translated by Henry Reeve; edited, with notes, the translation revised and in great part rewritten, and the additions made to the recent Paris editions now first translated by Francis Bowen. Volume 1. Cambridge, 1862. 2 vols.

    'The sects which exist in the United States are innumerable. They all differ in respect to the worship which is due to the Creator; but they all agree in respect to the duties which are due from man to man. Each sect adores the Deity in its own peculiar manner; but all sects preach the same moral law in the name of God. If it be of the highest importance to man, as an individual, that his religion should be true, it is not so to society. Society has no future life to hope for or to fear: and provided the citizens profess a religion, the peculiar tenents of that religion are of little importance to its interests. Moreover, all the sects of the United States are comprised within the great unity of Christianity, and Christian morality is everywhere the same.'

  • Chapter IX. That The Americans Apply the Principle of Interest Rightly Understood to Religious Matters. Democracy in America. Translated by Henry Reeve; edited, with notes, the translation revised and in great part rewritten, and the additions made to the recent Paris editions now first translated by Francis Bowen. Volume 2. Cambridge, 1862. 2 vols.
• Biographical Notice of de Tocqueville, Democracy in America. Translated by Henry Reeve; edited, with notes, the translation revised and in great part rewritten, and the additions made to the recent Paris editions now first translated by Francis Bowen. Volume 2. Cambridge, 1862. 2 vols.

American clergyman and author. Read about Dexter here and here.

• Memoranda, historical, chronological, &c.: prepared with the hope to aid those whose interest in Pilgrim memorials, and history, is freshened by this jubilee year, and who may not have a large historical library at hand. Boston: Printed (but not published) for the use of Congregational ministers, 1870. 39 pp.; 24 cm. Contents: Chronological glance at prominent facts of interest, in connection with the Pilgrim fathers, and their history.--Various extracts, etc. illustrating the rise, conduct, history, opinions, trials and influence, of the Plymouth movement, and men. Published by the Jubilee executive committee of the convention held in New York March 2, 1870, to take action concerning the commemoration of the 250th anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims./ An edition of 25 copies was issued the same year with title: Pilgrim memoranda./ A digital reproduction made from a copy held by the University of Michigan is available from the University of Michigan's Making of America Web site here.
• As to Roger Williams, and his "banishment" from the Massachusetts Plantation; with a few further words concerning the Baptists, the Quakers, and religious liberty: a monograph. Boston Congregational Publishing Society, 1876. Also here. Text-searchable.
• Our National condition, and its remedy: A Sermon, preached in the Pine Street Church, Boston, on Sunday, June 22, 1856. Boston, J.P. Jewett, 1856. 44 pp.
• The England and Holland of the Pilgrims. Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1905. xii, [5], 4-673, [1] p. front., illus., 5 pl., map. 23 cm. bk. I. The England of our fathers.--bk. II. The Protestantism of our fathers.--bk. III. The birthplace of the Pilgrim church.--bk. IV. The Pilgrims themselves and how the conflict developed them.--bk. V. The Pilgrims in Amsterdam.--bk. VI. The Pilgrims in Leydon.--Appendix.

American lawyer and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Wilmington, Delaware. Read about Dickinson here.

• By the president of the Delaware state, a proclamation. ... exhorting all persons decently and reverently to attend the worship of God on every Lord's Day ... and to their utmost contribute to the discountenancing those of dissolute and debauched behaviour ... Given under my hand and the great-seal of the state, at New-Castle, this nineteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-one. 1781. 1 sheet ([1] p.) 33 x 21 cm.
• By the President of the Delaware state. A Proclamation. ... I do therefore ... proclaim, that Thursday the twenty-eighth day of November next, be observed throughout this state as a day of solemn Thanksgiving ... Given under my hand and the great seal of the state, at New-Castle, the thirty-first day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-two. . [Wilmington, Del: Printed by James Adams, 1782] 1 sheet; 33 x 21 cm.
• Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania, to the inhabitants of the British Colonies. London, MDCCLXVIII. [1768]. 124 pp.
• Paul Leicester Ford. The Writings of John Dickinson, vol. 1, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1895, p. 262.

  "Kings or parliaments could not give the rights essential to happiness, as you confess those invaded by the Stamp Act to be. We claim them from a higher source from the King of kings, and Lord of all the earth. They are not annexed to us by parchments and seals. They are created in us by the decrees of Providence, which establish the laws of our nature. They are born with us; exist with us; and cannot be taken from us by any human power, without taking our lives. In short, they are founded on the immutable maxims of reason and justice. It would be an insult on the divine Majesty to say, that he has given or allowed any man or body of men a right to make me miserable." -- p. 262.

  "Thus you prove, gentlemen, that the fatal act you allude to in these expressions, is destructive of our property, our freedom, our happiness: that it is inconsistent with reason and justice; and subversive of those sacred rights which God himself from the infinity of his benevolence has bestowed upon mankind." -- pp. 262-263.

  "My attention turns with unspeakable pleasure to those brighter prospects now opening on my country, and the approaching times, when thro the mercy of ALMIGHTY GOD, to whom be ascribed everlasting glory, the inhabitants of these colonies, animated with sentiments of the most perfect gratitude, confidence, affection, and veneration, justly heightened by the engaging clemency of our amiable sovereign, and the endearing tenderness of our mother country, shall be diligently and delightfully employed in demonstrating, that they are not unworthy of the blessings bestowed upon them." -- p. 271.

  "I am no further concerned in any thing affecting America, than any one of you; and when liberty leaves it, I can quit it much more conveniently than most of you: but while divine providence, that gave me existence in a land of freedom, permits my head to think, my lips to speak, and my hands to move, I shall so highly and gratefully value the blessing received, as to take care, that my silence and inactivity shall not give my implied assent to any act, degrading my brethren and myself from the birthright, wherewith heaven itself 'hath made us free'." -- p. 322.

  "I hope, my dear countrymen, that you will, in every colony, be upon your guard against those, who may at any time endeavour to stir you up, under pretences of patriotism, to any measures disrespectful to our Sovereign and our mother country. Hot, rash, disorderly proceedings, injure the reputation of a people, as to wisdom, valor and virtue, without procuring them the least benefit. I pray GOD, that he may be pleased to inspire you and your posterity, to the latest ages, with a spirit of which I have an idea that I find a difficulty to express. To express it in the best manner I can, I mean a spirit, that shall so guide you, that it will be impossible determine whether an American?s character is most distinguishable, for his loyalty to his Sovereign, his duty to his mother country, his love of freedom, or his affection for his native soil." --pp. 324-325.

  "Let us consider ourselves as MEN -- FREEMEN -- CHRISTIAN FREEMEN -- separate from the rest of the world, and firmly bound together by the same rights, interests and dangers." --p. 400.

  "But whatever kind of minister he is, that attempts to innovate a single iota in the privileges of these colonies, him I hope you will undauntedly oppose; and that you will never suffer yourselves to be either cheated or frightened into any unworthy obsequiousness. On such emergencies you may surely, without presumption, believe, that ALMIGHTY GOD himself will look down upon your righteous contest with gracious approbation." -- p. 405.

Presbyterian minister and President of College of New Jersey (Princeton). Read more about Dickinson here.

• Familiar Letters to a Gentleman upon a variety of seasonable and important subjects in religion. Newark, New-Jersey: Printed by John Woods, 1797. 406 pp. Also here.

• Law, Lawyers and Honesty. Bridgeport, Conn., 1922. 153 pp. "With the unfortunate exceptions of notable departures, it may be assumed that the structure of the civil laws is founded entirely on the laws of God."

English historian. Read about Doyle here.

• English colonies in America. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1882-1907. 5 vol.: ill., plates, maps (fold.); 23 cm.
  Volume 1 of 5.
  Volume 2 of 5. Also here. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library.
  Volume 3 of 5.
  Volume 4 of 5.
  Volume 5 of 5.

Dreisbach is professor of justice, law, and society at American University. Read about Dreisbach here.

• "In Search of a Christian Commonwealth: An Examination of Selected Nineteenth-Century Commentaries on References to God and the Christian Religion in the United States Constitution." Baylor Law Review, vol. 48, 1996.
• A Godless Constitution?: A Response to Kramnick and Moore. 1997.
• "Founders Famous and Forgotten." The Intercollegiate Review, Fall 2007, pp. 3-12.
• With Mark David Hall, associate professor of political science at George Fox University. The Sacred Rights of Conscience: selected readings on religious liberty and church-state relations in the American founding. Liberty Fund, 2009. 560 pp.
  Abstract: The church-state debate currently alive in our courts and legislatures is strikingly similar to that of the 1830s. A secular drift in American culture and the role of religion in a pluralistic society were concerns that dominated the controversy then, as now. In Religion and Politics in the Early Republic, Daniel L. Dreisbach compellingly argues that the issues in our current debate were framed in earlier centuries by documents crucial to an understanding of church-state relations, the First Amendment, and our present concern with the constitutional role of religion in American public life. R.
  Contents: Cover; Half-title; Title; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS; PREFACE; NOTES ON THE TEXTS; INTRODUCTION A Debate on Religion and Politics in the Early Republic; CHURCH AND STATE IN THE AGE OF ANDREW JACKSON; JASPER ADAMS ON THE RELATION OF CHRISTIANITY TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT; A DEBATE ON CHURCH AND STATE; THE MODERN CHURCH-STATE DEBATE; NOTES; PART ONE: SERMON; The Relation of Christianity to Civil Government in the United States; Adams's Sermon Notes; A.-PAGE 9 [43].; B.-PAGE 12 [46].; C-PAGE 11,13 [45,46].; D.-PAGEU 14 [47].; E.-PAGE 15 [48].; R-PAGE 17 [49].; G.-PAGE 20 [52].H.-PAGE 22 [53; I.-PAGE 22 [53].; K.-PAGE22 [53].; L.-PAGE 23 [54].; Works Cited by Adams; BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES; PART TWO: RESPONSE; Letters to the Reverend Jasper Adams; FROM JOHN MARSHALL; FROM JOSEPH STORY; FROM JAMES MADISON; FROM JOHN SMYTHE RICHARDSON, A SOUTH CAROLINA JURIST; Review Essay: ""Immunity of Religion""; INTRODUCTION; NOTES; IMMUNITY OF RELIGION; EPILOGUE: Reflections on the Church-State Debate; APPENDIX ONE. The Life and Works of Jasper Adams; APPENDIX TWO. Obituary of the Reverend Jasper Adams, D.D., from the Pendleton Messenger, 12 November 1841.; APPENDIX THREE. The Sermon, Delivered at Pendleton, by the Rector of Christ Church, Greenville, on the Occasion of the Death of the Rev. Jasper Adams, D.D. APPENDIX FOUR. The Publication and Distribution of Adams's Sermon; SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY; INDEX.
• With Mark David Hall. The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life. University of Notre Dame Press, 2009. xxi, 316 pp. Contents: Famous Founders and Forgotten Founders : What's the Difference, And Does the Difference Matter? / Daniel L. Dreisbach -- The way of duty : Abigail Adams and religion / Edith B. Gelles -- Samuel Adams : America's Puritan revolutionary / Gary Scott Smith -- Oliver Ellsworth's Calvinist vision of church and state in the early republic / William R. Casto -- Alexander Hamilton, theistic rationalist / Gregg L. Frazer -- Patrick Henry, religious liberty, and the search for civic virtue / Thomas E. Buckley -- John Jay and the "great plan of Providence" / Jonathan Den Hartog -- Thomas Paine's civil religion of reason / David J. Voelker -- Anglican moderation : religion and the political thought of Edmund Randolph / Kevin R. Hardwick -- Benjamin Rush and revolutionary Christian reform / Robert H. Abzug -- Roger Sherman : an old Puritan in a new nation / Mark David Hall -- Mercy Otis Warren on church and state / Rosemarie Zagarri.
• "The Sacred Sounds of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address." Law and Liberty, November 19, 2013. Dreisbach: "Here are my thoughts on Lincoln's invocation of biblical themes in this brief speech resounding with the phrases and cadences of the King James Bible."
• With Mark David Hall. Faith and the Founders of the American republic. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. x, 366 pp.
  Contents: Deism and the founders / Darren Staloff -- Vindiciae, contra tyrannos : the influence of the Reformed tradition in the American founding / Mark David Hall -- Jews, Judaism and the American founding / David G. Dalin -- The founders and Islam / Thomas S. Kidd -- Religion and the Loyalists / Robert M. Calhoon, Ruma Chopra -- The antifederalists and religion / Donald L. Drakeman -- The Bible and the political culture of the American founding / Daniel L. Dreisbach -- Religion, race, and the founders / Jonathan D. Sassi -- Gouverneur Morris and theistic rationalism in the founding era / Gregg Frazer -- John Hancock: Congregationalist revolutionary / Gary Scott Smith -- Elias Boudinot, Presbyterians, and the quest for a "righteous republic" / Jonathan Den Hartog -- The Quaker contributions of John Dickinson to the creation of the American republic / Jane E. Calvert -- Isaac Backus and John Leland : Baptist contributions to religious liberty in the founding era / Joe L. Coker.
  Abstract: "The role of religion in the founding of America has long been a hotly debated question. Some historians have regarded the views of a few famous founders, such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Thomas Paine, as evidence that the founders were deists who advocated the strict separation of church and state. Popular Christian polemicists, on the other hand, have attempted to show that virtually all of the founders were pious Christians in favor of public support for religion. As the essays in this volume demonstrate, a diverse array of religious traditions informed the political culture of the American founding. Faith and the Founders of the American Republic includes studies both of minority faiths, such as Islam and Judaism, and of major traditions like Calvinism. It also includes nuanced analysis of specific founders -- Quaker fellow-traveler John Dickinson, prominent Baptists Isaac Backus and John Leland, and theistic rationalist Gouverneur Morris, among others -- with attention to their personal histories, faiths, constitutional philosophies, and views on the relationship between religion and the state. This volume will be a crucial resource for anyone interested in the place of faith in the founding of the American constitutional republic, from political, religious, historical, and legal perspectives."--Publisher's information.
• "The Bible & the American Founders". Presented by the C.S. Lewis Institute. Posted June 6, 2017. Daniel Dreisbach delves into the men who founded our great nation and how the Bible and biblical thought influenced how they built American?s laws and philosophy. He answers questions such as: how and for what purposes did the Founding generation use the Bible and how did the Bible influence their political culture?

• Reading the Bible with the Founding Fathers. Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2017. viii, 331 pp.
  Abstract: No book was more accessible or familiar to the American founders than the Bible, and no book was more frequently alluded to or quoted from in the political discourse of the age. How and for what purposes did the founding generation use the Bible? How did the Bible influence their political culture? Shedding new light on some of the most familiar rhetoric of the founding era, Daniel Dreisbach analyzes the founders' diverse use of scripture, ranging from the literary to the theological. He shows that they looked to the Bible for insights on human nature, civic virtue, political authority, and the rights and duties of citizens, as well as for political and legal models to emulate. They quoted scripture to authorize civil resistance, to invoke divine blessings for righteous nations, and to provide the language of liberty that would be appropriated by patriotic Americans. Reading the Bible with the Founding Fathers broaches the perennial question of whether the American founding was, to some extent, informed by religious-specifically Christian-ideas. In the sense that the founding generation were members of a biblically literate society that placed the Bible at the center of culture and discourse, the answer to that question is clearly "yes." Ignoring the Bible's influence on the founders, Dreisbach warns, produces a distorted image of the American political experiment, and of the concept of self-government on which America is built. -- Provided by publisher. Dreisbach shows that the Bible was the most frequently referenced book in the political discourse of the American founders. Drawing on some of the most familiar rhetoric of the founding era, Reading the Bible with the Founding Fathers examines the founders' diverse uses of the Bible and how scripture informed their political culture. -- Provided by publisher.
  Contents: Cover; Title Page; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; 1. Reading the Bible with the Founding Fathers: An Introduction; PART I: The Bible and Culture; 2. The English Bible and American Public Culture; 3. The Bible in the Lives of the Founding Fathers; 4. The Bible in the Political Discourse of the American Founding; PART II: The Bible and Discourse; 5. What Does God Require of Us? Micah 6:8 in the Literature of the American Founding; The Bible in American History: Creating a Great Seal for the New Nation.; 6. A Defense of Liberty against Tyrants: The Bible, the Right of Resistance, and the American Revolution The Bible in American History: Benjamin Franklin's Call for Prayer in the Constitutional Convention; 7. The Exalted Nation: Proverbs 14:34 and the Characteristics of a Righteous People; The Bible in American History: The First Prayer in Congress; 8. When the Righteous Rule: Proverbs 29:2 and the Character of a Godly Magistrate; The Bible in American History:Proclaim Liberty throughout All the Land.; 9. Stand Fast in Liberty: The Use (and Misuse) of Biblical Symbols and Rhetoric of "Liberty" in the American Founding The Bible in American History: George Washington Takes the Presidential Oath of Office; 10. Under Our Own Vine and Fig Tree: Creating an American Metaphor for Liberty in the New Nation; Afterword; Acknowledgments; Notes; Index.

• "Reading the Bible with the Founding Fathers". Presented by the Heritage Foundation. Posted September 29, 2017.

• Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall, editors. Series: Law and Christianity. Great Christian Jurists in American History. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
  Introduction: Christianity and American Law / Daniel L. Dreisbach -- Roger Williams and John Cotton / Glenn A. Moots -- John Winthrop and the covenantal ideal / Darren Staloff -- Friendly laws : William Penn's Christian jurisprudence / Andrew R. Murphy -- "The friendly jurisprudence and early feminism of john dickinson / Jane E. Calvert -- "Roger Sherman, Oliver Ellsworth, and the formation of America's Constitutional order / Mark David Hall -- John Jay : the first Chief Justice / Wendell Bird -- James Wilson / Donald L. Drakeman -- Was Justice Joseph Story a Christian Constitutionalist? / James Stoner -- Harvard's evangelist of evidence : Simon Greenleaf's Christian common sense / Daniel David Blinka -- John Marshall Harlan the elder, Christian jurist / Linda Przybyszewski -- Judicial conservatism and Protestant faith: the case of Justice David J. Brewer / Linda Przybyszewski -- John T. Noonan, Jr.: Catholic jurist and judge / Charles J. Reid, Jr -- The Integrative Christian jurisprudence of Harold J. Berman / John Witte -- Antonin Scalia: devout Christian, worldly judge / Thomas C. Berg -- The insights and transitions of Mary Ann Glendon / Paolo G. Carozza -- A reformed liberalism : Michael McConnell's contributions to Christian jurisprudence / Nathan S. Chapman -- The Jurisprudence of Robert P. George / Gerard V. Bradley.
• Believe It Or Not: The first president thought religion and morality were vital to the strength of the republic. George Washington's Mount Vernon, Fall 2021.

Anglican clergyman of Christ Church, Philadelphia. Read more about Duché here.

When the Congress first met, Mr. Cushing made a Motion, that it should be opened with Prayer. It was opposed by Mr. Jay of N. York and Mr. Rutledge of South Carolina, because we were so divided in religious Sentiments, some Episcopalians, some Quakers, some Aanabaptists, some Presbyterians and some Congregationalists, so that We could not join in the same Act of Worship.-Mr. S. Adams arose and said he was no Bigot, and could hear a Prayer from a Gentleman of Piety and Virtue, who was at the same Time a Friend to his Country. He was a Stranger in Phyladelphia, but had heard that Mr. Duché(Dushay they pronounce it) deserved that Character, and therefore he moved that Mr. Duché, an episcopal Clergyman, might be desired, to read Prayers to the Congress, tomorrow Morning. The Motion was seconded and passed in the Affirmative. Mr. Randolph our President, waited on Mr. Duché, and received for Answer that if his Health would permit, he certainly would. Accordingly next Morning he appeared with his Clerk and in his Pontificallibus, and read several Prayers, in the established Form; and then read the Collect for the seventh day of September, which was the Thirty fifth Psalm. -You must remember this was the next Morning after we heard the horrible Rumour, of the Cannonade of Boston.-I never saw a greater Effect upon an Audience. It seemed as if Heaven had ordained that Psalm to be read on that Morning.

After this Mr. Duché, unexpected to every Body struck out into an extemporary Prayer, which filled the Bosom of every Man present. I must confess I never heard a better Prayer or one, so well pronounced. Episcopalian as he is, Dr. Cooper himself never prayed with such fervour, such Ardor, such Earnestness and Pathos, and in Language so elegant and sublime-for America, for the Congress, for The Province of Massachusetts Bay, and especially the Town of Boston. It has had an excellent Effect upon every Body here.

I must beg you to read that Psalm. If there was any Faith in the sortes Virgilianae, or sortes Homericae, or especially the Sortes biblicae, it would be thought providential.

It will amuse your Friends to read this Letter and the 35th. Psalm. to them. Read it to your Father and Mr. Wibirt.-I wonder what our Braintree Churchmen would think of this?-Mr. Duché is one of the most ingenious Men, and best Characters, and greatest orators in the Episcopal order, upon this Continent-Yet a Zealous Friend of Liberty and his Country.

I long to see my dear Family. God bless, preserve and prosper it.

Also published in The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: with a life of the author, notes and illustrations. Boston, 1850-1856. 553 pp. Vol. 2 of 10. Preface and Diary.

GEORGE WASHINGTON TO JACOB DUCHÉ.
Head Quarters, 10 August, 1783.
SIR,
I have received your letter of the 2d of April, and, reflecting on its contents, I cannot but say that I am heartily sorry for the occasion which has produced it. Personal enmity I bear none to any man. So far, therefore, as your return to this country depends on my private voice, it would be given in favor of it with cheerfulness. But, removed as I am from the people and policy of the State, in which you formerly resided, and to whose determination your case must be submitted, it is my duty, whatever may be my inclination, to leave its decision to its constitutional judges. Should this be agreeable to your wishes, it cannot fail to meet my entire approbation. I am, &c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.

Author, Presbyterian pastor, hymn-writer. Read more about Duffield here.

• The God of our fathers; An Historical Sermon preached in the Coates' Street Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, on Fast Day, January 4, 1861. Philadelphia: T.B. Pugh, (Philadelphia : H.B. Ashmead) 1861. 56 pp.; 23 cm. Also here and in the Samuel J. May Anti-Slavery Collection.

• The Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. New York, 1851. 378 pp.

Congregationalist minister, President of Yale. Read more about Dwight here.

• America, or, A poem on the settlement of the British Colonies: addressed to the friends of freedom, and their country. New Haven, 1780. 11 pp.
• A Sermon, preached at Northampton, on the twenty-eighth of November, 1781: occasioned by the capture of the British army, under the command of ... . Hartford, 1781. 33 pp.
• Virtuous rulers a national blessing: A Sermon, preached at the general election, May 12th, 1791. Hartford, 1791. 41 pp.
• A Discourse, on the genuineness and authenticity of the New-Testament: delivered at New-Haven, September 10th, 1793, at the annual lecture. New-York: 1794. 77 pp.
• The True Means of establishing public happiness. A Sermon, delivered on the 7th of July, 1795, before the Connecticut Society of Cincinnati, and published at their request. New-Haven, 1795.
• The Duty of Americans, at the present crisis, illustrated in a Discourse, preached on the fourth of July, 1798; by the Reverend Timothy Dwight, D.D. president of Yale-College; at the request of the citizens of New-Haven. New-Haven: Printed by Thomas and Samuel Green, 1798. 32 pp.

  Where religion prevails, Illumination cannot make disciples, a French directory cannot govern, a nation cannot be made slaves, nor villains, nor atheists, nor beasts. To destroy us therefore, in this dreadful sense, our enemies must first destroy our Sabbath and seduce us from the house of God.

  ... Religion and liberty are the meat and the drink of the body politic. Withdraw one of them and in languishes, consumes, and dies. If indifference to either at any time becomes the prevailing character of a people, one half of their motives to vigorous defense is lost, and the hopes of their enemies are proportionally increased. Here, eminently, they are inseparable. Without religion we may possibly retain the freedom of savages, bears, and wolves, but not the freedom of New England. If our religion were gone, our state of society would perish with it and nothing would be left which would be worth defending. Our children, of course, if not ourselves, would be prepared, as the ox for the slaughter, to become the victimes of conquest, tyranny, and atheism.

  • Political Sermons: Dwight, T. Duty of Americans at the present crisis. 1798.. Volume 2 of Political Sermons. 1798.
• The Nature and Danger of Infidel Philosophy, exhibited in two discourses, addressed to the candidates for the baccalaureate, in Yale College. Bristol: 1799. 92 pp.
• A Discourse, deliverd [sic] at New-Haven, Feb. 22, 1800: on the character of George Washington, esq. at the request of the citizens. New Haven, 1800. 54 pp.
• A Discourse on Some Events in the Last Century, delivered in the Brick Church in New Haven, on Wednesday, January 7, 1801. By Timothy Dwight, D.D. president of Yale College. New Haven: Printed by Ezra Read, 1801. 55 pp. Text-searchable here.
• A Sermon on duelling: preached in the chapel of Yale college, New-Haven, September 9th, 1804, and in the Old Presbyterian church, New-York . New York, 1805. 37 pp.
• A Discourse occasioned by the death of His Excellency Jonathan Trumbull, esq., Governor of the State of Connecticut. New Haven, 1809. 27 pp.
• Theology explained and defended: in a series of Sermons. Volume 1. Middletown, Conn, 1818-1819. 620 pp. 5 vols.
• Theology explained and defended: in a series of Sermons. Volume 2. Middletown, Conn, 1818-1819. 610 pp. 5 vols.
• Theology explained and defended: in a series of Sermons. Volume 3. Middletown, Conn, 1818-1819. 538 pp. 5 vols.
• Theology explained and defended: in a series of Sermons. Volume 4. Middletown, Conn, 1818-1819. 565 pp. 5 vols.
• Theology explained and defended: in a series of Sermons. Volume 5. Middletown, Conn, 1818-1819. 603 pp. 5 vols.
• President Dwight's decisions of questions discussed by the senior class in Yale College, in 1813 and 1814. New York, 1833. 330 pp.

Lawyer and statesman. Read more about Dyer here.

• Eliphalet Dyer to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., April 12, 1783. From Letters of Delegates to Congress: Volume 20 March 12, 1783 - September 30, 1783. "May God who has Caused the Warrs to Cease from abroad, restore & Confirm internal Peace, order, & harmony, & dispose us all to a Gratefull Acknowledgement of His Abundant goodness to a sinfull & undeserving People, & to that repentance, obedience, and Righteousness which will Exalt & Establish a Nation."

American clergyman and author.

• The Patriotism of Illinois: A Record of the civil and military history of the state in the war for the Union, with a history of the campaigns in which Illinois soldiers have been conspicuous, sketches of distinguished officers, the roll of the illustrious dead, movements of the sanitary and Christian commissions. Volume 1 of 2. 619 pp. Volume 2 of 2. 714 pp. Chicago, 1865-1866.
• Abraham Lincoln: A Memorial discourse, delivered at a union meeting, held in the Presbyterian Church, Waukegan, Illinois, Wednesday, April 19, 1865, the day upon which the funeral services of the President were conducted in Washington, and observed throughout the loyal states as one of mourning. Chicago, Printed at the Methodist Book Depository, 1865. 22 pp. Also here.

Influential preacher. Read more about Edwards here

• The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners. A Discourse delivered at Northampton, at the time of the revival of religion there, in the year 1734. / By Jonathan Edwards, A.M. Pastor of the Church of Christ in Northampton, and afterwards president of Princeton College. Hartford: Printed by John Babcock, 1799. 132 pp.; 17 cm.
• An Account of the Life of the Reverend Mr. David Brainerd: Minister of the Gospel; missionary to the Indians from the Honourable Society, in Scotland, for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge; and Pastor of a church of Christian Indians in New-Jersey. Who died at Northampton in New-England, Ooctober [sic] 9th, 1747, in the 30th year of his age.
• The Great Christian doctrine of original sin defended; Evidences of it's [sic] truth produced, and arguments to the contrary answered. : Containing, in particular, a reply to the objections and arguings of Dr. John Taylor, in his book, intitled, "The Scripture-doctrine of original sin proposed to free and candid examination, &c."
• Jonathan Edwards on the Great Awakening View of Enlightenment. This edited and slightly abridged version is from: The Works of President Edwards. In Four Volumes. A Reprint of the Worcester Edition., Volume 4 (New York: Leavitt and Company, 1851), pp. 1, 3-15. The original Sermon "A Thorough Knowledge of Divine Truth" was dated 1739, during the time period of Jonathan Belcher's governorship of Massachusetts and New Hampshire (1730-1741). This Sermon was also written on the eve (1739) of the Great Awakening's greatest height--the year before George Whitefield visited New England in 1740.
• Jonathan Edwards' Great Awakening View of Religious Secularism, as Contrasted with Christianity. Jonathan Edwards refutes religious secularism (deism and paganism) and contrasts it with Christianity. Excerpts from: The Works of President Edwards (London 1817 edition, Volume 8), "Miscellaneous Observations on Important Theological Subjects, Original and Collected" (excerpted and slightly edited).

  18. The being of God is evident by the scriptures, and the scriptures themselves are an evidence of their own divine authority, after the same manner as the existence of a human thinking being is evident by the motions, behavior, and speech of a body animated by a rational mind. For we know this no otherwise, than by the consistency, harmony, and concurrence of the train of actions and sounds, and their agreement to all that we can suppose to be in a rational mind. These are a clear evidence of understanding and design, which are the original of these actions. There is that universal harmony, consent, and concurrence in the drift, such an universal appearance of a wonderful and glorious design, such stamps every where of exalted wisdom, majesty, and holiness, in matter, manner, contexture, and aim; that the evidence is the same, that the scriptures are the word and work of a divine mind--to one that is thoroughly acquainted with them--as that the words and actions of an understanding man are from a rational mind. An infant, when it first comes into the world, sees persons act, and hears their voice, before it has so much comprehension as to see something of their consistency, harmony, and concurrence. It makes no distinction between their bodies, and other things; their motions and sounds, and the motions and sounds of inanimate things. But as its comprehension increases, the understanding and design begin to appear. So it is with men that are as little acquainted with the scriptures, as infants with the actions of human bodies. They cannot see any evidence of a divine mind, as the original of it; because they have not comprehension enough to apprehend the harmony, wisdom, etc.

• A Godly Chief Justice: A Biography of John Stoddard (Jonathan Edwards, God's Awful Judgment in the Breaking and Withering of the Strong Rods of a Community (1748)) .
• A Strong Rod broken and withered: A Sermon preach'd at Northampton, on the Lord's Day, June 26. 1748. On the death of the Honourable John Stoddard, Esq; often a member of His Majesty's Council, for many years chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas for the county of Hampshire, judge of the probate of wills, and chief colonel of the regiment, &c.: Who died at Boston June 19. 1748. in the 67th year of his age.
• The Distinguishing marks of a work of the spirit of God. Extracted from Mr. Edwards, Minister of Northampton, in New-England. By John Wesley, M.A. Late Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxon.
• A Divine and supernatural light, immediately imparted to the soul by the spirit of God, shown to be both a scriptural and rational doctrine. Boston, 1734. 23 pp.
• A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton, and the Neighbouring Towns and Villages of the Country of Hampshire, in the Province of the Massachusettts-Bay in New-England: In a letter to the Reverend Dr. Benjamin Colman, of Boston. / Written by the Revd Mr. Edwards, Minister of Northampton, Nov. 6. 1736; Published with a large preface by the Rev. Dr. Watts and Dr. Guyse of London: to which a shorter is added by some of the reverend ministers of Boston; Together with an attestation from some of the reverend ministers of Hampshire. The third edition. Boston: N.E., Printed & sold by S. Kneeland [and] T. Green, over against the prison in Queen-Street, 1738. 94 pp.
• Some Account of the conversion and experiences of the late Rev. Jonathan Edwards, of New-England, President of New-Jersey College, &c. . Boston, 1765?. 20 pp.
• Some Remarkable Narratives of the success of the gospel, in America, in the beginning of this century. Written by the late Rev. Jonathan Edwards. Huddersfield, 1791. 84 pp.
• A Careful and Strict enquiry into the modern prevailing notions of that freedom of will, which is supposed to be essential to moral agency. Glasgow, 1790. 458 pp.
• History of Redemption, on a plan entirely original: exhibiting the gradual discovery and accomplishment of the divine purposes in the salvation. New-York, 1793. 601 pp.
• A History of the Work of Redemption: Containing the outlines of a body of divinity, in a method entirely new. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, [between 1840 and 1849?]. 359 pp.
• A Treatise concerning religious affections. In three parts. Part I. Concerning the nature of the affections, and their importance in religion. Part II. Shewing what are no certain signs that religious affections are gracious, or that they are not. Part III. Shewing what are distinguishing signs of truly gracious and holy affections. London, 1796. 458 pp. Also here. 1821 edition. CCEL edition. Introduction by Tim Perrine.
• The Works of President Edwards. Volume 1 of 8. Memoirs of the late Rev. Jonathan Edwards. Farewell Sermon. Result of a council at Northampton. Humble inquiry concerning the qualifications for membership in the visible Christian church. Reply to Williams. 1st American ed. Worcester [Mass.]: Isaiah Thomas, Jun., 1808-1809: Isaac Sturtevant. 8 Volume; 21 cm. 52,007 KB.
• The Works of President Edwards. Volume 2. Work of redemption. Dissertation on the nature of virtue. Observations concerning the mysteries of Scripture. 51,289 KB.
• The Works of President Edwards. Volume 3. A narrative of many surprising conversions. Thoughts on the revival of religion in New England. An humble attempt to promote explicit agreement in prayer. Life of Rev. D. Brainerd and reflections upon it. 60,252 KB.
• The Works of President Edwards. Volume 4. A treatise concerning religious affections. Observations concerning faith. Reasons against Dr. Watts's notion of the preexistence of Christ's human soul. 70,824 KB.
• The Works of President Edwards. Volume 5. Inquiry into the modern prevailing notions of freedom of will. Miscellaneous observations concerning the divine decrees in general and election in particular. Concerning efficacious grace. 67,974 KB.
• The Works of President Edwards. Volume 6. Dissertation concerning the end for which God created the world. Doctrine of original sin defended. Observations upon particular passages of Scripture. Theological questions. 69,106 KB.
• The Works of President Edwards. Volume 7. Fifteen Sermons on various important subjects, doctrinal and practical. 71,525 KB.
• The Works of President Edwards. Volume 8. A continuation of Sermons on various and important subjects. 68,283 KB.

American theologian. Son of Jonathan Edwards (1703-58). President of Union College at Schenectady, N.Y. Read more about Edwards here.

• Fast Sermon of April 1771. Edwards-Chapin Collection, Box 1, Uncatalogued MS Vault 803, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
• Fast Sermon of April 1772. Edwards-Chapin Collection, Box 1, Uncatalogued MS Vault 803, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
• Submission to Rulers. Preached at a Freeman's meeting, 1775. Extracted from The Works of Jonathan Edwards, D.D., late president of Union College, Volume 2. Andover [Mass.], 1842, pp. 238-247. Also here.
• The Necessity of Atonement, and the consistency between that and free grace, in forgiveness, illustrated in three Sermons, preached before His Excellency the governor, and a large number of both houses of the legislature of the state of Connecticut, during their sessions at New-Haven, in October, A.D. M.DCC.LXXXV. By Jonathan Edwards, D.D. Pastor of a church in New-Haven. 63, [1] pp. 18 cm. (8vo)
• The Injustice and Impolicy of the slave trade, and of the slavery of the Africans: illustrated in a Sermon preached before the Connecticut Society for the Promotion of Freedom, and for the Relief of Persons Unlawfully Holden in Bondage, at their annual meeting in New-Haven, September 15, 1791. / By Jonathan Edwards, D.D. Pastor of a church in New-Haven. [New Haven], Printed by Thomas and Samuel Green, 1791. 39 pp.
• A Sermon delivered at the funeral of the Honorable Roger Shermon [sic] Esq. senator of the United States of America. Who deceased the 23 of July 1793. By Jonathan Edwards, D.D. 1793. 24 pp. 22 cm. (8vo)
• The Necessity of the Belief of Christianity. Hartford, 1794. Also here. From Ellis Sandoz (editor), Political Sermons of the American Founding Era. Vol. 2 (1789-1805) [1991]
• The Works of Jonathan Edwards, D.D., late president of Union College. Andover [Mass.], 1842. Volume 1 of 2. CCEL edition.
• The Works of Jonathan Edwards, D.D., late president of Union College. Andover [Mass.], 1842. 556 pp. Volume 1 of 2. CCEL edition.

Legal Counsel for the Foundation for Moral Law and teacher of Professional Responsibility for the Oak Brook College of Law. Ordained pastor with the Association of Free Lutheran Congregations; teacher of Apologetics and other subjects for the Free Lutheran Seminary. Colonel, Alabama State Defense Force. Read more about Eidsmoe here. Website here.

"I am committed to the belief that the Bible is God's inspired and inerrant word, that the Bible is relevant to the issues of today, and that one of today's greatest needs is for the articulation of a comprehensive biblical view of current issues and a comprehensive biblical view of law. I am further committed to the belief that America's constitutional heritage is based on solid biblical principles and that an understanding of this constitutional heritage is essential to the preservation of American freedom. Christianity and the Constitution . . . [is] a detailed study of the religious beliefs of the founders of this nation and the role the United States of America plays in the plan of God. I urge writers in every field of academic discipline to think through their positions carefully, in the light of God's word, the Bible." --Contemporary Authors Online, Thomson Gale, 2007.

• Warrior, Statesman, Jurist for the South: The Life, Legacy and Law of Thomas Goode Jones. From Jones Law Review, v. 5, n. 1. 2001. Presented by permission of the author. A revised version in hardcover was published in 2003 by Sprinkle Publications. Buy this book here.
• A Call to Stand with Chief Justice Moore. PDF version.
• The Federalist Papers: The Key to Restoring Our Constitutional Republic.
• The Doctrine of Interposition in Christian Theology. January 29, 2006.
• What Congress Can Do for This American. January 21, 2008.
• Tripoli v. Paris: A Tale of Two Treaties. March 10, 2009. See also the response here by William R. Bowen: Tempest in a Treaty: Does the Treaty of Tripoli Support a Secular America?.
• Response to The Hidden Faith of the Founding Fathers. Who Were They Hiding It From?. January 6, 2012.
• Christianity and the Constitution: The Faith of Our Founding Fathers. Baker Publishing Group, August 1995. 473 pp. Foreword by D. James Kennedy. Buy this book here.
• Other works. Also here.

34th President of the United States. See Eisenhower's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

Boston Clergyman. Read more about Eliot here. "In Election Sermon on May 29, 1765 (the same day Patrick Henry introduced his famous Resolutions in the Virginia legislature against the Stamp Act) delivered before the Royal Governor and the legislature of Massachusetts, he upheld the right of resistance against usurpers and tyranny."

• A Sermon Preached Before His Excellency Francis Bernard, Esq; Governor, the Honorable His Majesty's Council, and the Honorable House of Representatives, of the province of the Massachusetts-Bay in New-England, May 29th 1765. Being the anniversary for the election of His Majesty's Council for the province. By Andrew Eliot, A.M. Pastor of a church in Boston. Boston, MDCCLXV. [1765]. 57 pp.

Clergyman. Read more about Eliot here.

• The Harmony of the Gospels: in the holy history of the humiliation and sufferings of Jesus Christ, from his incarnation to his death and burial. Published by John Eliot, teacher of the church in Roxbury. Boston; 1678. [4], 131, [1] pp.; 19 cm.
• Convers Francis (1795-1863). Life of John Eliot: The apostle to the Indians. New-York: Harper & Bros., 1844. xii, 357 pp., [1] leaf of plates: facsim; 18 cm.
• Nehemiah Adams. The Life of John Eliot: with an account of the early missionary efforts among the Indians of New England. Boston, 1847. 322 pp.

American statesman and jurist. Read more about Ellsworth here.

• William Garrott Brown. The Life of Oliver Ellsworth. New York: Macmillan, 1905. ix, 369 pp., [4] leaves of plates: ill.; 23 cm.
• To the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut. Published in The Courant, August 11, 1818, p. 2. Present on the committee: Oliver Ellsworth, David Daggett, Pliny Hillyer, Eliphalet Terry, Abraham Vanhorne DeWitt, Noah Webster, George Colfax, David F. Sill, David Burr, Lewis B. Sturges, Shubael Abbe, John Parish, James Morris, Elijah Sherman, Jonathan Law, Nathan Wilcox, John T. Peters, and Jonathan Burns. Report presented June 3, 1818.
  ... "In the opinion of the committee, no legislative aid is necessary on any of the grounds of complaint specified in the Petition. This opinion however is formed on the principle recognized that every member of society should, in some way, contribute to the support of religious institutions. In illustration of this principle, it may be observed, that the primary objects of government, are the peace, order, and prosperity of society. By their preservation, individuals are secured in all their valuable interests. To the promotion of these objects, particularly in a republican government, good morals are essential. Institutions for the promotion of good morals, are therefore objects of legislative provision and support; and among these, in the opinion of the committee, religious institutions are eminently useful and important. It is not here intended that speculative opinions in theology and mere rites and modes of worship, are the subjects of legal coercion, or indeed the objects of legislation; but that the legislature, charged with the great interests of the community, may and ought to countenance, and protect religious institutions -- institutions wisely calculated to direct men to the performance of all the duties arising from their connection with each other, and to prevent or repress those evils which flow from unrestrained passion."
  Also on this page, Extract from "A series of Letters on the Establishment of the Worship of the Deity is Essential to National Happiness, Published in 1789," published from The Salem Gazette. "It is the influence of religion, and of Christianity above all other systems, which has raised the civilized nations of the earth from darkness to light, from brutes to men."

• The Story of Byfield. Boston: George E. Littlefield, 1904. Also in Word, PDF

Clergyman. Read more about Ely here.

• The Duty of Christian Freemen to Elect Christian Rulers: A Discourse delivered on the Fourth of July, 1827, in the Seventh Presbyterian Church. Philadelphia, 1828. 32 pp. "With an appendix, designed to vindicate the liberty of Christians, and of the American Sunday School Union." Reprinted in Joseph Blau, ed., American Philosophic Addresses, 1700-1900 (New York, 1946), pp. 551-62, and Joseph Blau, "The 'Christian Party in Politics,'" Review of Religion, XI, no. 1, Sept. 1946.

  "We are a Christian nation; we have a right to demand that all our rulers in their conduct shall conform to Christian morality; and if they do not, it is the duty and privilege of Christian freemen to make a new and a better election."

  Extracted in The Reformer: A Religious Work, Volumes 7-8, Printed by J. Rakestraw, 1826, pp. 135-137. This extract includes critical commentary of Ely's position. The criticism does not take into account Ely's response in the 1828 edition with appendix. The criticism also ignores Ely's statement:

  "I would guard, however, against misunderstanding and misrepresentation, when I state, that all our rulers ought in their official stations to serve the Lord Jesus Christ. I do not wish any religious test to be prescribed by constitution, and proposed to a man on his acceptance of any public trust. Neither can any intelligent friend or his country and of true religion desire the establishment of anyone religious sect by civil law. Let the religion of the Bible rest on that everlasting rock, and on those spiritual laws, on which Jehovah has founded his kingdom: let Christianity by the spirit of Christ in her members support herself: let Church and State be for ever distinct: but, still, let the doctrines and precepts of Christ govern all men, in all their relations and employments. If a ruler is not a Christian he ought to be one, in this land of evangelical light, without delay; and he ought, being a follower of Jesus, to honour him even as he honours the FATHER. In this land of religious freedom, what should hinder a civil magistrate from believing the gospel, and professing faith in Christ, any more than any other man?"

• The Migration of the Pilgrims, and of their posterity: considered in an address, read before the New England Society of Philadelphia, on the 22d of December, 1817 / by Ezra Stiles Ely. Philadelphia: Printed at the office of the United States Gazette, 1818. 26 pp.

Educator. Read about Emerson here.

• The Evangelical primer, containing a minor doctrinal catechism, and a minor historical catechism to which is added the Westminster Assembly's Shorter catechism with short explanatory notes and copious Scripture proofs and illustrations by Joseph Emerson. Boston: 1831. 72 pp. ill.
  RECOMMENDATIONS.
  Having been informed by the Rev. Mr. Emerson of Beverly of his plan for publishing a book, called the Evangelical Primer, and seen a considerable part of the work, we cheerfully approve both of the design, and, so far as we are acquainted with it, of the manner, in which it has been executed; and do accordingly recommend the book for the use of Families and Schools.
  1809. Timothy Dwight, President of Yale College.
  Moses Stuart, Pastor of the First Congregational Church in New Haven.
  Noah Webster, jun. N. Haven.
  Samuel Merwin, Pastor of the United Congregational Church in New Haven.
  Benjamin Trumbull, Pastor of the Congregational Church in North Haven.
  Krastus Ripley, Pastor of the Congregational Church in Meriden.
  Nehemiah Prudden, Pastor of the Congregational Church in Enfield.
  Edward D. Griffin, Andover.
  Leonard Woods, Andover.
  Daniel Dana, Newburyport.
  William F. Rowland, Exeter.
  W. Hollinshead, one ot the Pastors of the Independent or Congregational churoh in Charleston, S. Carolina.
  

Scottish theologian.

• The Influence of religion on national happiness. A Sermon preached before the Society for propagating Christian Knowledge, on January 5. 1756. By John Erskine, To which is annex'd, The present state of the said Society. Edinburgh: printed in the year, 1756. [2], 46 pp.; 80.

Lord Chancellor of England. Read about Erskine here.

• Christianity Vindicated: in the admirable speech of the Hon. Tho. Erskine, in the trial of J. [i.e., T.] Williams, for publishing Paine's "Age of Reason.": 24th June, 1797. From the twelfth London edition. Philadelphia: Printed by J. Carey, no. 83, N. Second-Street, for G. Douglas, no. 2, South Third-Street, 1797. 15, [1] pp.; (8vo)
• Extract from Snyder's Great Arguments and Speeches by Eminent Lawyers.
• Gilbert Clarke profile of Erskine.
• The Speeches of the Hon. Thomas Erskine, in the Court of King's Bench, June 28, 1797: before the Right Hon. Lloyd Lord Kenyon, and a special jury, on the trial the King versus Thomas Williams, for publishing The age of reason, written by Thomas Paine; together with Mr. Stewart Kyd's reply, and Lord Kenyon's charge to the jury. Philadelphia: Printed for, and sold by William Cobbett, opposite Christ Church, Nov. 1797. 23, [1] pp.; 20 cm. (8vo)

American author and diplomatist. Read about Everett here.

• An Address delivered at Charlestown, Mass.: at the request of the young men, without distinction of party, in commemoration of the Battle of Bunker Hill . Boston: Beals & Greene.
• Critical and Miscellaneous Essays. Boston: J. Munroe & Co., 1845. 563 pp.; 21 cm.
  Religion expands the intellect, by familiarizing us with the most interesting questions in the philosophy of matter and mind. It enlarges the heart, by repressing the selfish, and encouraging the social and benevolent feelings. It checks our pride in prosperity, and our depression in adversity, by impressing upon us the trifling importance of our present interests, when compared with those that belong to us as candidates for a higher state of existence. It consoles us under the agony of parting from those we love, by the reflection, that we shall meet them again in scenes of permanent happiness. In a word, it changes the universe from a chaos of confusion and misery, to a grand and beautiful creation, the fit residence and temple, of the High and Holy One that inhabiteth eternity.
  It is not in nature for those who believe these sublime truths, to hear about them, and think about them, without the strongest excitement. What is there in the most absorbing affairs, the most exquisite entertainments, that can ever claim in any respect to come into competition with them? What is there, for example, in the fable of the most highly wrought and beautifully written romance, which can be compared for deep and absorbing interest with the splendid history of creation and redemption, of which the record is the Bible, the scene the universe, the time eternity, God, superior beings, and ourselves the subjects?

Roman Catholic apologist.

• A Short Essay on the Christian religion: descriptive of the advantages which have accrued to society by the establishment of it, as contrasted with the manners and customs of mankind before that happy period; to which are added a few occasional remarks on philosophers in general, as also on some of the objections started against the Chkistian [sic] religion by the fashionable writers of the present age; the whole proposed as a preservative against the pernicious doctrines which have overwhelmed France with misery and desolation. London: printed by J. P. Coghlan; and sold by Messrs. Booker; Keating; Lewis; Debrett; and Robinsons, 1795. vii, [1], 140 pp.

American statesman. Vice President under Theodore Roosevelt. Read about Fairbanks here and here.

• Fairbanks in Seattle: Addresses the Christian Endeavor Convention--Says Our country Stands for Peace. Galveston Daily News, July 13, 1907, p. 2. Column C.
  "The strength and honor and perpetuity of American institutions depend more upon the influence and teachings of the great Christian churches than upon all other influences combined and many times multiplied. This is and is to be a Christian Nation. Its destiny is to be governed by Christian people. Our fathers walked by Christian faith, and we are guided by that same faith. We are carrying it into business and politics, and the more we put into both the nobler will be our ideals and the more thoroughly we will be inspired by that spirit of righteousness and justice which tends to the welfare of the home, the exaltation of the community and the glory of the State.
  "We love and honor the flag, not because it is a symbol of mighty power, not because it is the emblem of victories in the right upon land and sea, but beyond all else because it stands for the justice and righteousness of a great Christian people.
  "Take out of the Republic the Christian faith, blot out of the hearts of our people love of the Christian religion, tear down the sacred altars from sea to sea where the millions worship, uproot the Christian Endeavor Societies and their allied organizations engaged in promoting Christian work--and night would come. The splendid temple erected by our fathers would totter to its fall and the battle fields made immortal by the blood of our heroes would quicken no generous impulse, would awaken no patriotic sentiment.
  "Our Nation's great leaders (we have no rulers) have been men of simple Christian faith, and whenever storm and stress have come, they have held to that faith as their sheet anchor."

See President Fillmore's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

Evangelist and preacher. Read The Autobiography of Charles G. Finney here and here. Disclaimer: Finney is said to hold Peleganist views.

• Lectures on Systematic Theology ; Embracing Moral government, the atonement, moral and physical depravity, natural, moral, and gracious ability, repentance, faith, justification, sanctification, &c. By the Rev. Charles G. Finney, Professor of Theology in the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, Ohio, America. The whole work revised, enlarged, and partly re-written by the author, during his late visit to England. Edited and revised, with an introduction, by the Rev. George Redford, D.D., L.L.D, of Worcester. London: William Tegg and Co., 85, Queen Street, Cheapside. 1851 edition. 1878 edition.
• Lectures on Revivals of Religion. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1868, Lecture XV, pp. 281-282. "But the time has come that Christians must vote for honest men and take consistent ground in politics, or the Lord will curse them. They must be honest men themselves, and instead of voting for a man because he belongs to their party, Bank or Anti-Bank, Jackson, or Anti-Jackson, they must find out whether he is honest and upright, and fit to be trusted. They must let the world see that the church will uphold no man in office, who is known to be a knave, or an adulterer, or a Sabbath-breaker, or a gambler, or a drunkard. Such is the spread of intelligence and the facility of communication in our country, that every man can know for whom he gives his vote. And if he will give his vote only for honest men, the country will be obliged to have upright rulers. All parties will be compelled to put up honest men as candidates. Christians have been exceedingly guilty in this matter. But the time has come when they must act differently, or God will curse the nation, and withdraw his spirit. As on the subject of slavery and temperance, so on this subject, the church must act right or the country will be ruined. God cannot sustain this free and blessed country, which we love and pray for, unless the church will take right ground. Politics are a part of religion in such a country as this, and Christians must do their duty to the country as a part of their duty to God. It seems sometimes as if the foundations of the nation were becoming rotten, and Christians seem to act as if they thought God did not see what they do in politics. But I tell you, he does see it - and He will bless or curse this nation according to the course they take."
• Memoirs of Rev. Charles G. Finney. New York, A.S. Barnes & Co. [1876] xii, 477 p. front. (port.) facsim. 20 cm.

American historical, philosophical and scientific writer. Read about Fiske here. Disclaimer: Fiske was a proponent of Darwinism.

• The Discovery of America, with some account of ancient America and the Spanish conquest. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin; Cambridge [Mass.]: Riverside Press, 1892. 2 vols: ill., facsims., maps, plans, port.; 21 cm. Recommended by President Woodrow Wilson. Volume 1 of 2. Volume 2 of 2.
• The beginnings of New England: or, The Puritan theocracy in its relations to civil and religious liberty. Houghton, Mifflin and company, 1889. 296 pp.
• The Historical Writings of John Fiske. Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1902.
  Volume 1. The Discovery of America, with Some Account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest, Vol. 1 of 3.
  Volume 2. The Discovery of America, with Some Account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest, Vol. 2 of 3.
  Volume 3. The Discovery of America, with Some Account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest, Vol. 3 of 3.
  Volume 4. Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. Vol. 1.
  Volume 5. Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. Vol. 2.
  Volume 6. The Beginnings of New England, or the Puritan Theocracy in Its Relations to Civil and Religious Liberty.
  Volume 7. The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America. Vol. 1.
  Volume 8. The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America. Vol. 2.
  Volume 9. New France and New England.
  Volume 10. The American Revolution, Vol. 1.
  Volume 11. The American Revolution, Vol. 2.
  Volume 12. The Critical Period of American History, 1783-1789.

See President Ford's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

Scottish philosopher. Read about Fordyce here.

• The Elements of Moral Philosophy, in Three Books with a Brief Account of the Nature, Progress, and Origin of Philosophy, Book II. London: Printed for R. and J. Dodsley in Pallmall, 1754. All three books in one volume here. 312 pp.
  "Of all the Relations which the human Mind sustains, that which subsists between the Creator and his Creatures, the supreme Lawgiver and his Subjects, is the highest and the best. This Relation arises from the Nature of a Creature in general, and the Constitution of the human Mind in particular; the noblest Powers and Affections of which point to an universal Mind, and would be imperfect and abortive without such a Direction. How lame then must that System of Morals be, which leaves a Deity out of the Question! How disconsolate, and how destitute of its firmest Support!
  "Therefore verbal Adoration, Prayer, Praise, Thanksgiving, and Confession, are admirable Aids to inward Devotion, fix our Attention, compose and enliven our Thoughts, impress us more deeply with a Sense of the awful Presence in which we are, and, by a natural and mechanical sort of Influence, tend to heighten those devout Feelings and Affections which we ought to entertain, and after this manner reduce into formal and explicit Act.
  "This holds true in an higher Degree in the case of public Worship, where the Presence of our Fellow-creatures, and the powerful Contagion of the social Affections conspire to kindle and spread the devout Flame with greater Warmth and Energy. To conclude: As God is the Parent and Head of the social System, as he has formed us for a social State, as by one we find the best Security against the Ills of Life, and in the other enjoy its greatest Comforts, and as by means of both, our Nature attains its highest Improvement and Perfection; and moreover, as there are public Blessings and Crimes in which we all share in some degree, and public Wants and Dangers to which all are exposed, it is therefore evident, that the various and solemn Offices of public Religion, are Duties of indispensible moral Obligation, among the best Cements of Society, the firmest Prop of Government, and the fairest Ornament of both.

Author from Birmingham, Alabama.

• Increasing Learning. A research ministry which specializes in the public defense of the Bible and its application to American society.
  • We the People. The Biblical precedent for popular sovereignity. Also here.
  • Hiding the Faith of the Founders. A Refutation of Chris Pinto's book, The Hidden Faith of the Founding Fathers.
  • Debating the Beliefs of the Founding Fathers.
  • Thomas Jefferson Recognized Jesus as the Christ. Posted Janury 17, 2014.
  • Gregg Frazer is Still Lying about the Founders. Posted April 11, 2014. On March 6th of this year, Gregg spoke at the Shepherds' Conference at Grace Community Church on the topic of "One Nation Under God: Today's Church and the Shocking Truth About the Founding of America." About half an hour into his presentation, Gregg said:
    Now, first of all, I want to point out "Jesus of Nazareth." That was a way of emphasizing the humanity of Jesus. They didn't talk about Jesus Christ. They didn?t talk about Christ. It was just Jesus or Jesus of Nazareth to emphasize His humanity.

    The men that Mr. Frazer is referring to here are the founding fathers whom he identifies as the key founders of our nation. This list includes Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, James Wilson and George Washington. These are the men who supposedly never referred to Jesus as Christ, and yet, when we put Frazer's claim to the test, we find that history records each of them using the name of Christ at least once and often more than once.

• Benjamin Franklin on the Government of Ancient Israel. "In 1788, Franklin wrote a letter to the Federal Gazette in which he used the example of the government of ancient Israel to defend the newly written Constitution of the United States. Franklin makes several observations in this piece which serve as unquestionable evidence of the fact that he was a sincere Christian. Here is the text of Franklin's letter."
• Christian76. Examining America's Christian Heritage.
  • The Founding Fathers.
• We the People: The Biblical Precedent for Popular Sovereignity. Also here.
• Which Revolution?. A comparison between the French and American Revolutions.
• Rebellion or Revolution?.
• The Founders and the Myth of Theistic Rationalism. Denials of the Christian faith of various founders of America were circulated even during the lifetimes of these great men, and most of these denials have been proven false time and time again. Recently, however, a new accusation has been brought against those who played significant roles in the formation of our nation. It is said now that these men were neither Christians nor atheists or even Deists, but rather Theistic Rationalists. In this short booklet, Bill Fortenberry confronts the leader of this movement, Gregg Frazer, and aptly exposes the flaws inherent in Mr. Frazer's book, The Religious Beliefs of America's Founders.
• Hidden Facts of the Founding Era. Text available here. A full-length rebuttal to Chris Pinto's book, The Hidden Faith of the Founding Fathers.
• What is the Law of Nature's God? Posted April 6, 2014.
• Audio presentation. Fortenberry on the Deeper Waters Podcast. Interview by Nick Peters conducted July 5, 2014, posted online July 14, 2014.
  
  TIMELINE:
  Why study the founders? 4:00
  
  Original intent
  
  What is a Deist? 10:00
  Was Jefferson a Deist? 10:45
  Was Jefferson a Christian? 11:40
  What about the Jefferson Bible? 12:30
  Did the founders believe in miracles? 14:00
  Was the God of the founders the Christian God? 17:00
  Was Franklin a Deist? 18:20
  What about Thomas Paine? 29:30
  Were the Founders orthodox? 35:00
  Religious tests and the importance of believing in God 37:00
  The basis of the Revolution 41:00
  Separation of Church and State 42:15
  
  What is an establishment of religion? 43:00
  The wall of separation 46:45
  Baptist origins 55:00
  
  Enlightenment vs. Christian influences on the founders 56:45
  The Treaty of Tripoli 1:02:45
  The Laws of Nature and Nature's God 1:10:30
  The republican government of ancient Israel 1:15:00
  Did the founders follow the ideas of ancient Greece? 1:25:30
  Benjamin Franklin's view of Jesus Christ 1:32:00
  Difference between Fortenberry and Barton 1:35:00
  The Bible and education 1:37:30
  When did America start leaving her Christian foundations? 1:39:00
  Is America still the greatest nation on earth? 1:42:00
  How can we change America? 1:45:00
  What can one person do? 1:46:45
  Why should Christians run for public office? 1:50:00
  Should we be careful not to offend others with our beliefs? 1:53:00
  Why would God judge America? 1:54:15
  Is there hope that America could be great again? 1:55:15
  What advice would you give to American Christians? 1:57:00
  

Pastor.

• A Sermon preached before His Excellency John Hancock, Esq. governour; His Honor Samuel Adams, Esq. lieutenant-governour; the Honourable the Council, Senate, and House of Representatives, of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, May 26, 1790: Being the day of general election. Boston, Massachusetts: Thomas Adams, printer to the Honourable, the General Court, 1790: 35, [1] p.; 22 cm.
• Duty of Gospel Ministers
• Sermon upon the ordination of Olivere Dodge
• Election Sermon (1790). Also here. Introduction by David Barton.
• A Brief reply to the grand enquiry, What must I do to be saved?: To which are added, some peculiar doctrines, and observations upon them, in which they are represented as unscriptural.: Also, the proceedings of the ecclesiastical council at the ordination of the Rev. Daniel Foster, in New-Braintree. Massachusetts-Bay: Worcester: Printed by Isaiah Thomas, 1779. 31, [1] pp.; 18 cm.

Author and minister. Read more about Foster here.

• A Sermon, preached 6 November, 1817, in Chauncy-Place Church, Boston, before the Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians and Others. Cambridge, 1817. 44 pp.
• A Sermon preached before the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company, in Boston, June 5, 1809: being the anniversary of their election of officers. Boston: Munroe, Francis and Parker, 1809. 27, [1] pp.
• Artillery Sermon. Introduction by David Barton.
• Infidelity Exposed, and Christianity recommended: in a Sermon delivered to the First Society in Cambridge, on Lord's day, April 11, 1802. Published at the request of the hearers. Cambridge, Mass.: Printed by William Hilliard, 1802. 33 pp.; 22 cm.

A Founding Father of the United States of America. Author, printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. While he is considered to be a universalist, we include him here because he did promote Christian values. Read more about Franklin here, here, here, and in The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.

• Benjamin Franklin. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. Volume 1, McCarty & Davis, Philadelphia, 1840.

  "You will see in this my notion of good works, that I am far from expecting to merit heaven by them. By heaven we understand a state of happiness, infinite in degree, and eternal in duration: I can do nothing to deserve such rewards. He that for giving a draught of water to a thirsty person, should expect to be paid with a good plantation, would be modest in his demands, compared with those who think they deserve heaven for the little good they do on earth. Even the mixt imperfect pleasures we enjoy in this world, are rather from God's goodness than our merit: how much more such happiness of heaven!" -- p. 236.

  "I shall only add respecting myself, that having experienced the goodness of that Being in conducting me prosperously through a long life, I have no doubt of its continuance in the next, though without the smallest conceit of meriting such goodness." -- p. 623.

• Benjamin Franklin. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. Volume 2, McCarty & Davis, Philadelphia, 1834.

  "You express yourself as if you thought I was against Worshipping of God, and believed Good Works would merit Heaven; which are both Fancies of your own, I think, without Foundation. I am so far from thinking that God is not to be worshipped, that I have compos'd and wrote a whole Book of Devotions for my own Use: And I imagine there are few, if any, in the World, so weake as to imagine, that the little Good we can do here, can merit so vast a Reward hereafter. There are some Things in your New England Doctrines and Worship, which I do not agree with, but I do not therefore condemn them, or desire to shake your Belief or Practice of them. We may dislike things that are nevertheless right in themselves. I would only have you make me the same Allowances, and have a better Opinion both of Morality and your Brother. Read the Pages of Mr. Edward's late Book entitled Some Thoughts concerning the present Revival of Religion in NE. from 367 to 375; and when you judge of others, if you can perceive the Fruit to be good, don't terrify your self that the Tree may be evil, but be assur'd it is not so; for you know who has said, Men do not gather Grapes of Thorns or Figs of Thistles." -- p. 109.

  "We do not pretend to merit any thing of God, for he is above our Services; and the Benefits he confers on us, are the Effects of his Goodness and Bounty." -- p. 471.

• Labaree, Leonard W., et al. The Papers of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 2, Yale University Press, Connecticut, 1960.

  "Christ gave himself for us that he might redeem us from all Iniquity, and purify to himself a peculiar People zealous of Good-Works. And there is scarcely a Chapter in the whole Gospels or Epistles from which this Doctrine can't be prov'd ? I would ask these reverend Gentlemen, Does God regard Man at all? The Answer I suppose will be, That he does, but that it is upon the Account of Christ's Merits; which I shall grant them, and allow it to be the Merits and Satisfaction of Christ that purchased such easy and plain Conditions of Happiness; but still it is our Compliance with these Conditions that I call inward Merit and Desert which God regards in us." -- p. 37.

  "Christ by his Death and Sufferings has purchas'd for us those easy Terms and Conditions of our Acceptance with God, propos'd in the Gospel, to wit, Faith and Repentance." -- p. 90.

• Joseph Priestley. Memoirs of Dr. Joseph Priestley to the year 1795. Volume 1 of 2. London, 1825. 499 pp. Extract.

• Henry D. Gilpin. The Papers of James Madison. Volume 3. Washington: Langtree & O'Sullivan, 1840). "We should remember the character which the Scripture requires in rulers, that they should be men hating covetousness." --p. 1284.

• With William Temple Franklin. The Posthumous and other writings of Benjamin Franklin. Volume 1 of 2. Second editon. London, H. Colburn, 1819. Published from the originals, by his grandson, William Temple Franklin. Extract.

• Two tracts: information to those who would remove to America, and remarks concerning the savages of North America. 2nd ed. London: Printed for J. Stockdale, 1784. 39 pp.; 23 cm.
  "To this may be truly added, that serious Religion, under its various denominations, is not only tolerated, but respected and practised. Atheism is unknown there; Infidelity rare and secret; so that persons my live to a great age in that country without having their piety shocked by meeting with either an Atheist or an Infidel. And the Divine Being seems to have manifested his approbation of the mutual forbearance and kindness with which the different sects treat each other, by the remarkable prosperity with which he has been pleased to favour the whole country."--p. 18.
• The Life of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, written by himself; with essays, humorous, moral and literary. Boston: I. Thomas, Jun.: J.T. Buckingham, (Boston: J.T. Buckingham), 1815. 169 pp.: port. Extracts: Preface. Franklin's epitaph. Franklin's will. The Body
  Of
  Benjamin Franklin, printer,
  (Like the cover of an old book
  Its contents torn out
  And stript of its lettering and gilding)
  Lies here food for worms;
  Yet the work itself shall not be lost,
  For it will (as he believed) appear once more
  In a new
  And more beautiful edition,
  Corrected and amended
  By
  The Author
  
• Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion, in Two Parts.
• Jared Sparks, editor. The Works of Benjamin Franklin: containing several political and historical tracts not included in any former edition, and many letters official. Vol. 1 of 10. Boston, 1840. Extracts: Preface. Contents. Chapter XV, which discusses Franklin's religious beliefs.
• Jared Sparks, editor. The Works of Benjamin Franklin: containing several political and historical tracts not included in any former edition, and many letters official. Vol. 2 of 10. Boston: Hilliard, Gray and Co., 1836. Extracts from "Essays on Religious and Moral Subjects and the Economy of Life," "A Comparison of the Conduct of the Ancient Jews and of the Anti-federalists in the United States of America," "Queries and Remarks Respecting Alterations in the Constitution of Pennsylvania."
• Jared Sparks, editor. The Works of Benjamin Franklin: containing several political and historical tracts not included in any former edition, and many letters official. Vol. 5 of 10. Boston, 1837. Extracts: "Motion for Prayers in the Convention," "Speech in the Convention."
• Jared Sparks, editor. The Works of Benjamin Franklin: containing several political and historical tracts not included in any former edition, and many letters official. Vol. 7 of 10. Boston, Hillard Gray, 1838. Extracts.

  Letter to Mrs. Jane Mecom:
  "I am so far from thinking that God is not to be worshipped, that I have composed and wrote a whole book of devotions for my own use; and I imagine there are few if any in the world so weak as to imagine, that the little good we can do here can merit so vast a reward hereafter."

  Letter to George Whitefield, June 6, 1753:
  "Even the mixed, imperfect pleasures we enjoy in this world, are rather from God's goodness than our merit; how much more such happiness of heaven! For my part I have not the vanity to think I deserve it, the folly to expect it, nor the ambition to desire it; but content myself in submitting to the will and disposal of that God who made me, who has hitherto preserved and blessed me, and in whose fatherly goodness I may well confide, that he will never make me miserable; and that even the afflictions I may at any time suffer shall tend to my benefit."

  ... "The worship of God is a duty; the hearing and reading of Sermons may be useful; but, if men rest in hearing and praying, as too many do, it is as if a tree should value itself on being watered and putting forth leaves, though it never produced any fruit."

  Letter to George Whitefield, June 19, 1764:
  "That Being, who gave me existence, and through almost threescore years has been continually showing his favors upon me, whose very chastisements have been blessings to me; can I doubt that he loves me? And, if he loves me, can I doubt that he will go on to take care of me, not only here but hereafter?

  Letter to Sarah Franklin, November 8, 1764:
  "Go constantly to church, whoever preaches. The act of devotion in the Common Prayer Book is your principal business there, and if properly attended to, will do more towards amending the heart than Sermons generally can do. For they were composed by men of much greater piety and wisdom, than our common composers of Sermons can pretend to be; and therefore I wish you would never miss the prayer days; yet I do not mean you should despise Sermons, even of the preachers you dislike, for the discourse is often much better than the man, as sweet and clear waters come through very dirty earth."

• "Arator"On the Price of Corn, and Management of the Poor. The London Chronicle, November 29, 1766. (http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-13-02-0194, ver. 2014-05-09). Source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 13, January 1 through December 31, 1766, ed. Leonard W. Labaree. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1969, pp. 510?516.

  I am for doing good to the poor, but I differ in opinion of the means. I think the best way of doing good to the poor, is not making them easy in poverty, but leading or driving them out of it. In my youth I travelled much, and I observed in different countries, that the more public provisions were made for the poor, the less they provided for themselves, and of course became poorer. And, on the contrary, the less was done for them, the more they did for themselves, and became richer. There is no country in the world where so many provisions are established for them; so many hospitals to receive them when they are sick or lame, founded and maintained by voluntary charities; so many alms-houses for the aged of both sexes, together with a solemn general law made by the rich to subject their estates to a heavy tax for the support of the poor. Under all these obligations, are our poor modest, humble, and thankful; and do they use their best endeavours to maintain themselves, and lighten our shoulders of this burthen? On the contrary, I affirm that there is no country in the world in which the poor are more idle, dissolute, drunken, and insolent. The day you passed that act, you took away from before their eyes the greatest of all inducements to industry, frugality, and sobriety, by giving them a dependance on somewhat else than a careful accumulation during youth and health, for support in age or sickness. In short, you offered a premium for the encouragement of idleness, and you should not now wonder that it has had its effect in the increase of poverty. Repeal that law, and you will soon see a change in their manners. St. Monday, and St. Tuesday, will cease to be holidays.⁸ Six days shalt thou labour, though one of the old commandments long treated as out of date, will again be looked upon as a respectable precept; industry will increase, and with it plenty among the lower people; their circumstances will mend, and more will be done for their happiness by inuring them to provide for themselves, than could be done by dividing all your estates among them.

  ⁸. In describing his life as a young man among the London printers in 1724?26 in his Autobiography, BF used the expression ?making a St. Monday? for a printer?s absence from work on that day because of week-end dissipation. Autobiog. (APS-Yale), p. 101. Here he extends it to include Tuesday as well.

  • "Arator": On the Price of Corn, and Management of the Poor. Franklin identified: [Benjamin Vaughan, ed.,] Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces; . . . Written by Benj. Franklin. LL.D. and F.R.S. (London, 1779), pp. 57-63.
• Appeal for the Hospital. Extracts from The Pennsylvania Gazette, August 8 and 15, 1751.
  • Appeal for the Hospital. From The Pennsylvania Gazette, August 8, 1751, n. 1182, p. 1.
    The great Author of our Faith, whose Life should be the constant Object of our Imitation, as far as it is not inimitable, always shew'd the greatest Compassion and Regard for the Sick; he disdain?d not to visit and minister Comfort and Health to the meanest of the People; and he frequently inculcated the same Disposition in his Doctrine and Precepts to his Disciples. For this one Thing, (in that beautiful Parable of the Traveller wounded by Thieves) the Samaritan (who was esteemed no better than a Heretick, or an Infidel by the Orthodox of those Times) is preferred to the Priest and the Levite; because he did not, like them, pass by, regardless of the Distress of his Brother Mortal; but when he came to the Place where the half-dead Traveller lay, he had Compassion on him, and went to him, and bound up his Wounds, pouring in Oil and Wine, and set him on his own Beast, and brought him to an Inn, and took Care of him. Dives, also, the rich Man, is represented as being excluded from the Happiness of Heaven, because he fared sumptuously every Day, and had Plenty of all Things, and yet neglected to comfort and assist his poor Neighbour, who was helpless and full of Sores, and might perhaps have been revived and restored with small care, by the Crumbs that fell from his Table, or, as we say, with his loose Corns. --I was Sick, and ye Visited me, is one of the Terms of Admission into Bliss, and the Contrary, a Cause of Exclusion: That is, as our Saviour himself explains it, Ye have visited, or ye have not visited, assisted and comforted those who stood in need of it, even tho' they were the least, or meanest of Mankind. This Branch of Charity seems essential to the true Spirit of Christianity; and should be extended to all in general, whether Deserving or Undeserving, as far as our Power reaches. Of the ten Lepers who were cleansed, nine seem to have been much more unworthy than the tenth, yet in respect to the Cure of their Disease, they equally shared the Goodness of God. And the great Physician in sending forth his Disciples, always gave them a particular Charge, that into whatsoever City they entered, they should heal All the Sick, without Distinction.
  • Appeal for the Hospital. From The Pennsylvania Gazette, August 15, 1751, n. 1183.
    Homines ad Deos, nulla re propius accedunt, quam Salutem Hominibus dando. Cicer. Orat.

    This Motto, taken from a Pagan Author, expresses the general Sense of Mankind, even in the earliest Ages, concerning that great Duty and extensive Charity, the administring Comfort and Relief to the Sick. If Men without any other Assistance than the Dictates of natural Reason, had so high an Opinion of it, what may be expected from Christians, to whom it has been so warmly recommended by the best Example of human Conduct. To visit the Sick, to feed the Hungry, to clothe the Naked, and comfort the Afflicted, are the inseparable Duties of a christian Life.

    Accordingly 'tis observable, that the Christian Doctrine hath had a real Effect on the Conduct of Mankind, which the mere Knowledge of Duty without the Sanctions Revelation affords, never produc'd among the Heathens: For History shows, that from the earliest Times of Christianity, in all well-regulated States where Christians obtain'd sufficient Influence, publick Funds and private Charities have been appropriated to the building of Hospitals, for receiving, supporting and curing those unhappy Creatures, whose Poverty is aggravated by the additional Load of bodily Pain. But of these Kind of Institutions among the Pagans, there is no Trace in the History of their Times.

    That good Prince Edward VI. was so affected at the Miseries of his poor diseas'd Subjects, represented in a charity Sermon preach?d to him on the Occasion, that he soon after laid the Foundation of four of the largest Hospitals now in London, which the Citizens finished, and have ever since maintain'd.

    In Hidepark, at Bath, in Edinburgh, Liverpool, Winchester, and in the County of Devon, and sundry other Places in Great-Britain, large and commodious Infirmaries have been lately erected, from trifling Beginnings of private Charities: And so wonderfully does Providence favour these pious Institutions, that there is not an Instance of any One's failing for want of necessary charitable Contributions.

• Jared Sparks, editor. The Works of Benjamin Franklin: containing several political and historical tracts not included in any former edition, and many letters official. Vol. 10 of 10. . Boston, 1836-1840. 558 pp. Extract, pp. 281-282.

  Letter to Thomas Paine:

  DEAR SIR,

  I have read your manuscript with some attention. By the argument it contains against a particular Providence, though you allow a general Providence, you strike at the foundations of all religion. For without the belief of a Providence, that takes cognizance of, guards, and guides, and may favor particular persons, there is no motive to worship a Deity, to fear his displeasure, or to pray for his protection. I will not enter into any discussion of your principles, though you seem to desire it. At present I shall only give you my opinion, that, though your reasonings are subtile and may prevail with some readers, you will not succeed so as to change the general sentiments of mankind on that subject, and the consequence of printing this piece will be, a great deal of odium drawn upon yourself, mischief to you, and no benefit to others. He that spits against the wind, spits in his own face.

  But, were you to succeed, do you imagine any good would be done by it? You yourself may find it easy to live a virtuous life, without the assistance afforded by religion; you having a clear perception of the advantages of virtue, and the disadvantages of vice, and possessing a strength of resolution sufficient to enable you to resist common temptations. But think how great a portion of mankind consists of weak and ignorant men and women, and of inexperienced, inconsiderate youth of both sexes, who have need of the motives of religion to restrain them from vice, to support their virtue, and retain them in the practice of it till it becomes habitual, which is the great point for its security. And perhaps you are indebted to her originally, that is, to your religious education, for the habits of virtue upon which you now justly value yourself. You might easily display your excellent talents of reasoning upon a less hazardous subject, and thereby obtain a rank with our most distinguished authors. For among us it is not necessary, as among the Hottentots, that a youth, to be raised into the company of men, should prove his manhood by beating his mother.

  I would advise you, therefore, not to attempt unchaining the tiger, but to burn this piece before it is seen by any other person; whereby you will save yourself a great deal of mortification by the enemies it may raise against you, and perhaps a good deal of regret and repentance. If men are so wicked with religion, what would they be if without it. I intend this letter itself as a proof of my friendship, and therefore add no professions to it; but subscribe simply yours,

  B. Franklin

• David Barton. Benjamin Franklin's Letter to Thomas Paine.
• With William Temple Franklin. The Works of Dr. Benjamin Franklin, in philosophy, politics, and morals: containing, beside all the writings published in former collections, his diplomatic correspondence, as minister of the United States, at the court of Versailles, a variety of articles, and epistolary correspondence, never before published: with memoirs and anecdotes of his life. Vol. 6 of 6. Philadelphia: William Duane, 1809. ill., map; 22 cm. Extracts.
• Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790. Some Observations on the proceedings against the Rev. Mr. Hemphill; with a vindication of his sermons. The second edition. 1735. 32 pp. 18 cm. (8vo)
• Anonymous. A Vindication of the Reverend Commission of the Synod: in answer to some observations on their proceedings against the Reverend Mr. Hemphill. [Eleven lines of Scripture texts] 1735. [4], 63, [1] pp. (12mo)
• Anonymous. A Defence of the Rev. Mr. Hemphill's observations: or, An answer to the vindication of the reverend Commission. [Eleven lines of quotations] 1735. 47, [1] pp. (8vo)
• Obadiah Jenkins. Remarks upon the Defence of the Reverend Mr. Hemphill's observations: in a letter to a friend. Wherein the orthodoxy of his principles, the excellency and meekness of his temper, and the justice of his complaints against the rev. Commission, are briefly considered; and humbly proposed to the view of his admirers. By Obadiah Jenkins. [Three lines from II. Timothy] 1735. [2], 22 pp.
• Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790. A Letter to a friend in the country, containing the substance of a sermon preach'd at Philadelphia, in the congregation of the Rev. Mr. Hemphill, concerning the terms of Christian and ministerial communion. [Three lines of Scripture texts] 1735. v, 6-40 pp. 18 cm. (8vo)
• Jonathan Dickinson, 1688-1747. Remarks upon a Pamphlet, entitled, A Letter to a friend in the country, containing the substance of a sermon preached in Philadelphia, in the congregation of the Rev. Mr. Hemphill. Wherein the terms of both Christian and ministerial communion are so stated, that all impositions in religious concerns are exploded, a proper enclosure proposed for the security of each religious society, and the commission of the synod justified in their conduct toward Mr. Hemphill. [Five lines of quotations] 1735. [2], 32 pp. (8vo)

Catholic clergyman. Read more about Fransioli here.

• Infidelity Exposed, and Christianity recommended: in a Sermon delivered to the First Society in Cambridge, on Lord's day, April 11, 1802. Published at the request of the hearers. Cambridge, Mass.: Printed by William Hilliard, 1802. 33 pp.; 22 cm.

Apologist.

• A collection of select biography: or, The bulwark of truth being a sketch of the lives and testimonies of many eminent laymen, in different countries, who have professed their belief in, and attachment to the Christian religion --whether distinguished as statesmen, patriots, philosophers, &c. : --to which are prefixed two letters to Thomas Paine, containing some important queries and remarks relative to the probable tendency of his Age of reason

Attorney-general of New Jersey from 1817 to 1829, was a United States senator from New Jersey in 1829-1835, was the Whig candidate for vice-president on the Clay ticket in 1844, and was Chancellor of the university of New York in 1839-1850 and President of Rutgers College in 1850-1862. President of the American Bible Society, 1845-1862. Read more about Frelinghuysen here, here and here.

• Speech of Mr. Frelinghuysen, on the Subject of Sunday Mails. In the Senate of the United States -- May 8, 1830. From Register of debates in Congress: comprising the leading debates and incidents of the first session of the Twenty-first Congress: together with an appendix, containing important state papers and public documents, and the laws enacted during the session: with a copious index to the whole. Vol. VI. United States Congress (21st, 1st session: 1829-1830); Washington [D.C.]: Printed and published by Gales and Seaton, 1830. 2 vol.; 26 cm. Half-title: Debates in Congress./ Running title: Gales & Seaton's register of debates in Congress./ Printed in two columns./ Part I: [4], 664, xiv p.; part II: [4], 665-1148, 18 p., 144 columns, ix-li, [i], 4, xiv pp. Extract, Appendix, pp. 1-4.
  
• Speeches of Messrs. Webster, Frelinghuysen and others at the Sunday School Meeting in the city of Washington, February 16, 1831. Philadelphia, 1831. 24 pp.
• Speech of Mr. Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey, delivered in the Senate of the United States, April 6, 1830, on the bill for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the Mississippi. Washington: Office of the National journal, 1830, 44 pp.

Pastor at South Church, Andover, 1772-1809, and was a trustee of Phillips Academy. Read more about French here.

• A Sermon Preached before His Excellency Samuel Adams, esq., governour: His Honor Moses Gill, esq., lieutenant-governor: the honourable the Council, Senate, and House of Representatives, of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, May 25, 1796. Being the day of general election. By Jonathan French, A.M. Pastor of a church in Andover. Printed in Boston, Massachusetts: At the State Press, by Adams & Larkin, printers to the Honourable the General Court, M,DCC,XCVI. [1796], 22 pp.
• A Sermon, delivered on the anniversary thanksgiving November 29, 1798: With some additions in the historical part. / By Jonathan French, A.M. Pastor of the South Church in Andover; Published by request. Andover [Mass.] : Printed by Ames and Parker, 1799. 31, [1] pp. ; 21 cm. (8vo)

Disclaimer: American Unitarian clergyman.

• Christian Patriotism: a Sermon, on occasion of the death of John Adams, preached in Chauncy-place, Boston, July 9th, 1826. Boston, 1826. 18 pp.

British governor and general. Read more about Gage here.

• The History of Rowley. Boston: Ferdinand Andrews, 1840. Also in Word, PDF

Bishop. Read about Galloway here.

• Christianity and the American Commonwealth ; or, The Influence of Christianity in making this nation. Nashville, Tenn., Pub. House Methodist Episcopal church, South, Barbee & Smith, agents, 1898. 213 pp. 19 cm. Delivered in the chapel at Emory college, Oxford, Ga., March, 1898.

Minister. Disclaimer: Reputed to be Unitarian. Read more about Gannett here.

• Thanksgiving for the Union. A Discourse delivered in the Federal-Street Meetinghouse in Boston, on Thanksgiving-day, November 28, 1850. Boston, 1850. 22 pp.
• The State of the Country. A Discourse preached in the Federal Street Meetinghouse in Boston, Sunday, June 8, 1856. Boston, 1856. 20 pp.

English historian. Read about Gardiner here.

• History of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate, 1649-1656. 1903. London: Longmans.
  Volume 1 of 4. 1649-1651. Second edition.
  • Volume 2 of 4. 1651-1654.
  • Volume 3 of 4. 1654-1656 .
  • Volume 4 of 4. 1655-1656.
    It was the author's intention to write the history of England from 1649 to 1660, but his death occurred before the work was completed. cf. v. 1, pref., p. vi.

See President Garfield's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

• With John Quincy Adams. The Origin and principles of the American Revolution, compared with the origin and principles of the French Revolution. Philadelphia: Published by Asbury Dickins, opposite Christ-Church. H. Maxwell, printer, Columbia-House, 1800. 73, [1] pp.; 21 cm. (8vo)

• The Influence of Biblical texts upon English law: address before the Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi societies, June fourteenth 1910. Philadelphia: 1910. 32 pp.

Bible expositor. Read about Gill here.

• The Law established by the gospel. A Sermon preached March the 22d, 1738-9. at a monthly exercise of prayer, at the Reverend Mr. Wilson's ... The second edition. London, 1756. 37 pp.
• The Law in the hand of Christ. A Sermon preached at Broad-Mead, in Bristol, May 24, 1761. By John Gill, ... London, 1761. 39 pp.
• The Prophecies of the Old Testament, respecting the Messiah, consider'd; and prov'd to be literally fulfill'd in Jesus. Containing an answer to ... London, 1728. 235 pp.
• The Scriptures the only guide in matters of religion. A Sermon preached at the baptism of several persons in Barbican, November 2, 1750. By John ... The third edition. London, 1751. 43 pp.
• The Doctrine of the trinity, stated and vindicated. Being the substance of several discourses on that important subject; reduc'd into the form of ... London, 1731. 207 pp.
• The Doctrine of the resurrection. Stated and defended; in two Sermons, preached at a lecture in Lime-Street, and published at request. The second edition. London, 1750. 80 pp.
• The Agreement of the Old and the New Testament. A Farewell Sermon preached to the society that support the Wednesday's evening lecture in Great ... London, 1756. 38 pp.
• An Exposition of the New Testament, in three volumes. London, 1746-48. 802 pp. Volume 1 of 3.
• An Exposition of the New Testament, in three volumes . London, 1746-48. 800 pp. Volume 2 of 3.
• An Exposition of the New Testament, in three volumes. London, 1746-48. 819 pp. Volume 3 of 3.
• An Exposition of the Old Testament. Volume I. Containing, I. Genesis. II. Exodus. III. Leviticus. IV. Numbers.. London, 1763-65. 828 pp. Volume 1 of 4.
• An Exposition of the Old Testament, ... Volume II. Containing, I. Deuteronomy. II. Joshua. III. Judges. IV. Ruth. V. I.. London, 1763-65. 794 pp. Volume 2 of 4.
• An Exposition of the Old Testament, ... Volume III. Containing, I. I Chronicles. II. II Chronicles. III. Ezra. IV. Nehemiah. V. .... London, 1763-65. 776 pp. Volume 3 of 4.
• An Exposition of the Old Testament, ... Volume IV. Containing, Psalms, the latter part, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon. By John Gill, D.D. . London, 1763-65. 648 pp. Volume 4 of 4.
• Exposition of the entire Bible.
• John Gill's Archive.

Compositor of the Independent Chronicle in Boston. Read about Gleason here.

• An Oration, pronounced on the thirtieth anniversary of American independence, before the Young Democratic Republicans of the town of Boston: July 4, 1806. Boston: Printed by Oliver & Munroe, 1806. 24 pp.; 24 cm.

Professor of law at the University of Michigan. Read about Goddard here.

• The Law in the United States in its Relation to Religion. From Michigan Law Review, v. 10, n. 3. January 1912, pp. 161-177. Cited in Appellee's Brief, People of the State of Illinoi Ex Rel. Vashti McCollum v. Board of Education of Schooll District no. 71, Champaign County, Illinois (Appellees).
  "It has often been suggested that this provision of the Constitution [Article VI, Section 3] grew out of the influence of French atheism, especially upon Franklin and Jefferson, and through them upon the whole Constitutional Convention. But Jefferson was not a member of that convention, being in Europe as Ambassador to France at that time. Every one of its members was a believer in God, and in future reward and punishment, and most of them, including the presiding officer, Washington, were church members."

British journalist, historian and Liberal Party politician. He became a Companion of Honour in 1939, and a member of the Order of Merit in 1963. Read about Gooch here.

• English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century. 1898. 363 pp.

Church of England clergyman and "radical Protestant thinker."

• How Superior Powers Ought To Be Obeyed By Their Subjects: And Wherein They May Lawfully By God's Word Be Disobeyed And Resisted. Wherin also is declared the cause of all this present miserie in England, and the onely way to remedy the same. By Christopher Goodman. Printed at Geneua: By Iohn Crispin, 1558. 234, [6] pp. Also here.

American author and Congregational minister. Read about Goodrich here and here.

• A History of the United States of America: on a plan adapted to the capacity of youth . J. I. Cutler and co., 1828. 316 pp.

• Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence: with a sketch of the life of Washington. Hartford, 1849. 502 pp.

Pastor of the Church of Christ in Durham, Connecticut.

• The Principles of civil union and happiness considered and recommended. A Sermon, preached before His Excellency Samuel Huntington, Esq. L.L.D. governor and commander in chief, and the Honorable the General Assembly of the state of Connecticut. Convened at Hartford, on the day of the anniversary election, May 10th, 1787. Hartford: Printed by Hudson and Goodwin, 1787. 58, [2] pp.; 21 cm. (12mo)

Editor. Read about Goodwin here.

• The Pilgrim Fathers: A Glance at their history, character and principles, in two memorial discourses, delivered in the First Congregational Church, Rockford, Ill., 1870. 37 pp. "I propose to speak of our obligations to the Pilgrim Fathers, and to show these by considering
  I. Who the Pilgrims were, and what they did and suffered inthis world, for the cause of God and humanity.
  II. Their character, faith and polity, and the influence of these upon the character of the Nation.
  III. The duty we owe to their memory and principles.
  ... In this historical sketch I shall avail myself of such published documents and memorials as are at hand, and will best illustrate the subject before us."

  ... "New England was settled by two classes of Englishmen, who founded distinct and separate colonies. The Pilgrim Fathers who founded the Plymouth Colony, and who planted and gave type to our institutions, were not Puritans, but Separatists, men of larger and freer and more catholic spirit, than the Puritans who came after, and settled in Salem and Boston. They were not persecutors either of the Baptists or Quakers. The Old Colony men, the men of Plymouth Rock were not Episcopalians or Presbyterians, but Congregationalists, as the Puritans afterwards became. They were not proselytes from the Church of England, but Congregationalists from the start, bringing their principles and their Church with them, and so were the true Fathers of our ecclesiastical and civil polity, as we shall see hereafter."

Independent minister. Read about Gordon in The Dictionary of National Biography by Stephen Leslie.

• The History of the rise, progress, and establishment, of the independence of the United States of America; including an account of the late war, and of the thirteen colonies, from their origin to that period. New York: Printed by Hodge, Allen, and Campbell, 1789. 3 volumes: 2 folded maps. Volume One. Volume Two. Volume Three.
• The Separation of the Jewish tribes, after the death of Solomon, accounted for and applied to the present day in a Sermon preached before the General Court, on Friday, July the 4th, 1777. Being the anniversary of the declaration of independency. Boston: Printed by J. Gill, printer to the General Assembly, 1777. 37, [3] pp.; 23 cm. (8vo)
• A Sermon preached before the Honorable House of Representatives: on the day intended for the choice of counsellors, agreeable to the advice of the Continental Congress. / By William Gordon, Pastor of the Third Church in Roxbury. Watertown [Mass.]: Printed and sold by Benjamin Edes, MDCCLXXV. [1775]. 29, [1] pp.; 21 cm. (8vo)
• The Doctrine of final universal salvation examined and shewn to be unscriptural: in answer to a pamphlet entitled Salvation for all men illustrated and vindicated as a Scripture doctrine. / By William Gordon, Pastor of the Third Church in Roxbury. Boston: Printed and sold by T. and J. Fleet, at the Bible and Heart in Cornhill, 1783. [2], ii, 96 pp.; 21 cm. (4to)
• Mr. Gordon's Thanksgiving Discourse. A Discourse Preached December 15th, 1774, Being the Day Recommended by the Provincial Congress; and Afterwards at the Boston Lecture. Boston: Printed for, and sold by Thomas Leverett, in Corn-Hill, 1784. 31 pp. Text: Lamentations 3:22.

8th President of the U.S. in Congress Assembled. Read about Gorham here, here and here.

• Peter Thacher, 1752-1802. A Sermon, preached at Charlestown, June 19, 1796: and occasioned by the sudden death of the Honourable Nathaniel Gorham, Esquire, aet. 59. / By Peter Thacher, D.D. Minister of a church in Boston. [Boston]: Printed by Samuel Hall, in Cornhill, Boston, MDCCXCVI. [1796]. 25, [1], 15, [1] pp.; 21 cm. (4to)

[Charleston, S.C.: A.E. Miller], Vol. 4, no. 37 (Jan. 1827)-v. 12, no. 133 (Jan. 1835).; 8 v. ; 23 cm. Other Titles: Gospel messenger, and Protestant Episcopal register; v. 12. Preceding Title: Gospel messenger, and Southern Christian register; (DLC)sf 88091485; (OCoLC)6168705. Succeeding Title: Gospel messenger, and Protestant Episcopal register; (DLC)sf 88091489; (OCoLC)6177663.

• "Signs of the Times" and "Sunday Schools." Extract from Gospel Messenger and Southern Episcopal Register, v. 10, n. 166, August 1833, p. 253.
• "American Bible Society," "The Theatre" and "Ecclesiastical Statistics." Extract from Gospel Messenger and Southern Episcopal Register, v. 5, n. 55, July 1828; p. 216.

College president, Baltimore, MD. Read about Goucher here and here.

• Christianity and the United States. New York: Eaton & Mains; Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham, 1908. Electronic edition: Carlisle, Pa.: Dickinson College, 2003.
  Also here and here. John Franklin Goucher attends the Tokyo Conference of the World's Student Christian Federation in March 1907 and gives the keynote speech on the role of Christianity in the rise of the United States.
  "Their Own Words is a digital collection of original monographs, essays, documents and letters from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century that reflect[s] the history of the United States of America in general and, specifically, the commonwealth of Pennsylvania."/ "This project was supported in part by the Institute of Museum and Library Services under the provisions of the Library Services and Technology Act as administered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in association with Dickinson College and the Dickinson Electronic Initiative in the Liberal Arts (deila)." Includes page images and OCR transcriptions of the original text, and an original biographical sketch of the author."

  The vital, uplifting, organizing, and expanding power of Christianity is the adequeate cause of these extraordinary results. A broad distinction is to be made between Christianity and the Church. Love is the spirit of Christianity, while the Church is its more or less immature, and at times distorted, body. Christianity is not a series of mandatory or prohibitive enactments, neither is it a form of worship, nor a system of doctrine. Christianity is a life, satisfying all essentially human relations by interpreting God, the Father of us all, in terms of human living. It is the embodiment of God in human personality--the extension of the incarnation of Jesus Christ. God is love, and he said, "If ye have love one to another all men shall know that ye are my disciples." So Christianity is the embodiment of the vital, transforming, uplighting power of love working toward righteousness, which inhibits cruelty, oppression, injustice, selfishness, ignorance, and all low-spirited activities. Liberty is a concomitant of its growth,and helpfulness is its normal manifestation.

  Christianity accounts for the discovery and settlement of America, it determined our governmental organization, and has been the dominating influence in our national development.

  ...Evangelical Christianity, so patient and persistently constructive, so essentially educative and uplifting, has been the potential cause of our growth and transformation. By the gentle persuasion of loving ministry, by the inherent energy of the simple truths concerning God and man as revealed in Christ Jesus, by the living force of consecrated lives, the wilderness has been made to blossom as the rose; a world power has developed where there were no people; loyalty to Christian principles has evolved an unprecedented wealth of resources, and the fundamental conviction of the American people is that "righteousness exalteth a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people."

  • William V. Kelley, editor. Christianity and the United States. Methodist Review, v. 90, n. 6. November-December 1908, pp. 1004-1006. "THIS is a book of information, crammed with facts and figures bearing on its subject, in compact and orderly form. In less than fifty tightly packed pages it presents impressively a large and often-debated subject of intense interest and of immense practical importance. If anybody says that ours is not a Christian nation, there is enough here to correct his error and enlighten his ignorance. If anyone desires to show that the United States is a Christian nation and to set in battle array a compact column of facts for the discomfiture of the deniers, here is sufficient ammunition."

See President Grant's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

• An Oration, delivered July 5, 1790: at the request of the inhabitants of the town of Boston, in celebration of the anniversary of American Independence. Boston, 1790. 15 pp.

• An Oration, pronounced on the Fourth of July, 1822, at the request of the inhabitants of the citizens of the city of Boston: in commemoration of the anniversary of national independence, by John C. Gray, Esq. Boston: Published by Charles Callender, 1822.

Bishop. Learn more about Gray here.

• Discourses on various subjects, illustrative of the evidence, influence, and doctrines of Christianity. London, 1793. 378 pp.

• A History of Oregon, 1792-1849: drawn from personal observation and authentic information. Portland, Or., 1870. 626 pp. Also here.

American Presbyterian minister and academic. Read about Green at the Pennsylvania Bible Society.

• A Sermon, delivered in the Second Presbyterian Church in the city of Philadelphia, on the 19th of February, 1795. Being the day of general thanksgiving throughout the United States. By Ashbel Green, D.D. one of the Pastors of the aforesaid church. Philadelphia, March, 1795. 48 pp.

  At his command empires rise and fall. He setteth up and pulleth down at his pleasure. He prospers or blasts a nation according to his sovereign will. In all respects we depend upon him as absolutely in this relation as in that of individuals. Shall we never, then, as a community, acknowledge our dependance and give him thanks for the distinguishing favours which he may have conferred on us? Is it not fit, is it not important, that in every relation which he hath instituted, which he sustains, and which he crowns with his kindness, we should confess his sovereignty, acknowledge his power, and praise his goodness? Yes, my brethren. We have a national character in support in our carriage and demeanour toward Almighty God, a character which he observes, and according to which he will treat us. The history of the whole world is a confirmation of this truth. The history of the nation which was governed by the author of our text illustrates it in a most striking manner: And it requires no gift of prophecy to foresee and foretell, that if we are not thankful to God as a people, he will withdraw his unnoticed benefits and teach us by adversity to enquire after him whom in our prosperity we had forgotten."

• Obedience to the laws of God, the sure and indispensable defence of nations. A Discourse, delivered in the Second Presbyterian Church, in the city of Philadelphia, May 9th, 1798, being the day appointed by the president of the United States, to be observed as a season for solemn humiliation, fasting and prayer. / Philadelphia : Printed by John Ormrod, no. 41, Chesnut-Street, [1798] 51, [1] pp. ; 22 cm. (8vo)

  To explain my meaning, here, with reference to a christian nation, I would say, that--When the rulers of a christian country recommend Christianity by their practice and example: When they discover a reverence for it by faithfully enacting and executing laws for the suppression of vice and immorality: When, without infringing on the rights of conscience, they encourage true piety, by countenancing those who profess, practice and teach it: When, on suitable occasions, and in public acts, the Being and Providence of God, and our accountableness to him, are recognised, and the honour which is due to his Son is rendered: When the moral laws of God, relative to man, as well as to himself, are truly regarded, by those whose station gives influence and fashion to their conduct, and renders it in a sort the representation and expression of national sentiment on the subject of morals: And when, in addition to this, the great principles of piety and morality already recited, are so generally and effectually taught and inculcated on the people at large, as really to influence the public mind, and in some good degree to form the popular opinions and habits:--this I would say was a performance of duty,--this would secure to a christian nation the benefits of the divine promise. But when, among those who preside over the people, the very being, attributes, and providence of God are denied, or when there is a studied omission of every idea that refers to his government, or to our dependence on him: When, thro' a hatred of Christianity, it is disavowed, despised, laughed at, and in the most contemptuous manner trampled under foot; or when thro' pusillanimity or impious policy, a country conceals its attachment to the religion of Jesus; or when the profession of attachment is only a thin veil of hypocracy: When the leading men of a nation flagrantly and shamelessly violate every moral law; And when the people at large love to have it so, and are rapidly assimilating to the same corrupt standard; then they subject themselves to the divine denunciation, and are treading on the brink of destruction.

• An Address to the students and faculty of the College of New-Jersey. Delivered May 6th, 1802--the day on which the students commenced their studies, after the burning of the college edifice. / By one of the trustees, appointed by the Board for the purpose.Trenton: Printed by Sherman & Mershon., 1802. 16 pp.; 21 cm
• A Discourse, delivered at the opening, for public worship, of the Presbyterian Church, in the Northern Liberties of Philadelphia: April 7th, A.D. 1805. / by Ashbel Green, D.D. senior minister of said church. Published by request. Philadelphia: Printed by Thomas and William Bradford, Booksellers and stationers, no. 8, South Front Street., 1805. 21, [1] pp.; 21 cm.
• A Report to the trustees of the College of New Jersey, relative to a revival of religion among the students of said college. Philadelphia: Printed for Benjamin B. Hopkins, 1815 (Philadelphia: William Fry) 28 pp.; 21 cm.
• With Jones, J. H.; 1797-1868. The Life of Ashbel Green, V.D.M. begun to be written by himself in his eighty-second year and continued to his eighty-fourth. New York: R. Carter & Bros., 1849 628 pp. Also here and here.

• The Development Of Religious Liberty In Connecticut. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, 1905. xiii, 552 p. 20 cm. Project Gutenberg edition.
• Review. The American Historical Review, Volume 11, No. 3 (Apr., 1906), pp. 687-688.

American editor and clergyman. Read about Greene here.

• Christianity a national law. Boston: Wright & Potter, 1874.

Legal apologist. Learn more about Greenleaf here. See the endorsement of Greenleaf's work by Abraham Lincoln here and by Henry Dawson here. Disclaimer: Greenleaf is known to have been associated with Freemasonry.

• A Discourse pronounced at the Inauguration of the author as Royall Professor of Law in Harvard University, August 29, 1834.

  "Christianity founds its claim to our belief upon the weight of the evidence by which it is supported. This evidence is not peculiar to the department of theology; its rules are precisely those by which the law scans the conduct and language of men on all other subjects, even in their daily transactions. This branch of the law is one of our particular study. It is our constant employment to explore the mazes of falsehood, to detect its doublings, to pierce its thickest veils; to follow and expose its sophistries; to compare, with scrupulous exactness, the testimony of different witnesses to examine their motives and their interests; to discover truth and separate it from error. Our fellow-men know this to be our province; and perhaps this knowledge may have its influence to a greater extent than we or even they imagine. We are therefore required by the strongest motives, by personal interest, by the ties of kindred and friendship, by the claims of patriotism and philanthropy, to examine, and that not lightly, the evidences on which Christianity challenges our belief; and the degree of credit to which they are entitled.

  "The Christian religion is part of our common law, with the very texture of which it is interwoven. Its authority is frequently admitted in our statute-books; and its holy things are there expressly guarded from blasphemy and desecration. If it be found, as indeed it is, a message of peace on earth and good will to men; exhibiting the most perfect code of morals for our government, the purest patterns of exalted virtue for our imitation, and the brightest hopes, which can cheer the heart of man; let it receive the just tribute of our admiring approval, our reverential obedience, and our cordial support. I would implore the American lawyer unhesitatingly to follow in this, as in the other elements of the law, the great masters and sages of his profession; and while with swelling bosom he surveys the countless benefits rendered to his country by this his favorite science, let him not withhold from the Fountain and Source of all Law the free service of undissembled homage."

  • A Discourse pronounced at the Inauguration of the author as Royal Professor of Law in Harvard University, August 29, 1834/The Teacher's Office--Inaugural Address of Rufus Babcock, jun. President of Waterville College, July 29, 1834/Baccalaureate... . New-England Magazine (Boston 1831), October 1834, Vol. 7 Issue 4, pp. 339-340, 2 pp.
• The Testimony of the Evangelists. New York: 1874. HTML version of his primary essay, with hyperlinks to his references.
  (TM): We are indebted to Simon Greenleaf (1783-1853), professor of Law at Harvard University, for one of the most interesting in the series of apologetic works by lawyers; a tradition that stretches back to Hugo Grotius's Truth of the Christian Religion. Greenleaf's work begins with a short, thought-provoking monograph on the application of the rules of evidence to the gospel accounts, stressing the canons of the ancient document rule and the principles of cross-examination in the evaluation of the testimony of the witnesses to the resurrection. Following this, and filling the bulk of the book in the online editions, there is a very extensive harmony of the gospels, drawn up according to the scheme of Edward Robinson's Harmony of the Four Gospels in Greek, with running commentary in the footnotes dealing with various skeptical objections and doubtful points in the narratives. The book is rounded out with Greenleaf's abridgment of Robinson's essay on the harmonization of the resurrection narratives and an examination of the trial of Jesus. A translation of M. Dupin's response to the critical arguments of Salvator is contained in all editions from the second onward. The copy of the second edition linked here contains Greenleaf's signature.
• An Examination of the Testimony of the Four Evangelists, by the Rules of Evidence Administered in Courts of Justice with an Account of the Trial of Jesus. London, Second edition, 1847.
  Notes on the Resurrection.
  • On Literary Dependence.
  • On Presumptive Evidence. From Law Magazine (New Series), Vol. 1, pp. 28-32.
  • Joseph Salvador. The Jewish Account of the Trial of Jesus, plus "The Trial of Jesus Before Caiaphas and Pilate" by M. Dupin, translated by John Pickering, LL.D., Counselor-at-Law, and President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
  • Description of Persia -- Part 1, Part 2 by J. Chardin.
  • David Jennings. Appeal to Reason and Common Sense.
  • David Jennings. Jewish Antiquities -- Part 1, Part 2.
  • Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, duc de. The Memoirs of the Duke of Sully, prime-minister to Henry the Great . A new edition, revised and corrected, with additional notes, some letters of Henry the Great, and a brief historical introduction. Volume 1. London, 1810. 547 pp. 5 vols.
  • ART. X.-ROYAL MEMOIRS,-containing 1. A Narrative of the Journey to Varennes. Quarterly review, v. 28, n. 56. January 1823. London. pp. 464-474. Review.
  • M. le Comte Laplace, Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilites. Par M. le Comte Laplace, Chancelier, etc., Edinburgh Review, 23:46, September 1814.
  • Posthumous Works of Sir Henry Spelman
  • Sumner's Evidence of Christianity Derived From Its Nature and Reception -- ch. 10 extract.
  • Horne's Introduction to the Scriptures -- extract
  • See also Simon Greenleaf's Harmony of the Resurrection Accounts . Adapted by W.R. Miller.
• Letter, written May 4, 1839. Published in North American, v. 1, n. 56. May 29, 1839, p. 1. "The Bible is the only faithful picture of real life; the only true history of man; the only unvarnished narrative of his sins, and of the just retribution of his holy Sovereign. It is the only historical book which gives a true account of the human family in all its relations, and its motives of conduct. Man falsifies his own history, -- God has written it with the pen of truth. Its fidelity is evinced in the fact that it has never become obsolete. The man delineated in the Bible, is the man of every age of the world, from the creation to our own days, and will be such to the end of time. And if it is important to man to learn the moral nature of his race, and to learn it early, let him be taught it in his youth, among the rudiments of his education, from the fountain of all truth, the Bible."
  "Our country is a Christian country. The Christian religion is acknowledged, more or less directly, as that of the people, in the laws and usages of every State in the Union."
  "Children who have been taught God's word from the Bibles of strangers, will not easily be induced, in maturer age, to make war upon their benefactors. When Sweden was compelled by Napoleon, to declare war against England, and a form of prayer for the success of their arms was sent to the several churches, the Delecarlians refused to read it, saying it was a mistake; for the English who had sent them bread in their famine, and Bibles too, could not be their enemies!"
• "The Bible in Schools" Published from The Indiana Journal.June 23, 1839, p. 1. Also published in the Cincinnati Daily Gazette.
• Letter by C. T. S. The Wisconsin State Register. December 15, 1883, p. 1. 'Paine's Age of Reason.' Quote from Greenleaf and list of prominent Christians: Greenleaf, Story, Marshall, Jay, Seward, Waite, Chase, Gladstone, Burke, Senator George F. Edmunds of Vermont, Thomas Hendricks of Indiana, Columbus Delano and Genreal J. H. Devereux of Ohio, J. W. Stevenson of Kentucky, Judge Andrews of Ohio, S. Corning Judd of Chicago, Judge Sheffey of Virginia, Professor Coffee of Pennsylvania, Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts.
  "My object in this writing is to show any one who may thoughtlessly conclude that Paine's and Ingersoll's arguments are either sound or smart; that by that conclusion they put many names of eminence for sound reason and worth into the category of fools, and elevate men of very superficial attainments into the position of judges."
• A Discourse commemorative of the life and character of the Hon. Joseph Story, LL.D., an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Boston, 1845. 47 pp.

• Christianity and Politics

• Equality of Right for All Citizens, Black and White, Alike; A Discourse delivered in the Fifteenth street Presbyterian church, Washington, D.C., March 7, 1909.
  "If the time ever comes when we shall go to pieces, it will not be from any desire or disposition on the part of the States to pull apart, but from inward corruption, from the disregard of right principles, from the spirit of greed, from the narrowing lust of gold, from losing sight of the fact that "Righteousness exalteth a nation, but that sin is a reproach to any people" [Proverbs 14:34]. It is here where our real danger lies -- not in the secession of States from the Union, but in the secession of the Union itself from the great and immutable principles of right, of justice, of fair play for all regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The fact that the Union has been saved, that these rebellious States have been brought back into it, will amount to nothing unless it can be saved from this still greater peril that threatens it. The secession of the Southern States in 1860 was a small matter with the secession of the Union itself from the great principles enunciated in the Declaration of Independence, in the Golden Rule, in the Ten Commandments, in the Sermon on the Mount. Unless we hold, and hold firmly to these great fundamental principles of righteousness, of social, political, and economic wisdom, our Union, as Mr. Garrison expressed it, will be 'only a covenant with death and an agreement with hell.' If it continues to exist it will be a curse, and not a blessing."

  Reprinted in Masterpieces of Negro Eloquence; the best speeches delivered by the Negro from the days of slavery to the present time, edited by Alice Moore Dunbar-Nelson. New York, The Bookery Publishing Company, c. 1914. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1970. 512 pp. front. (port.) 23 cm.

Jurist. Read more about Grotius here and here.

• [Christus patiens. English.] Christ's Passion: a tragedy, with annotations. London: Printed and are to be sold by Jos. Blare, MDCXCVIII [1698] [14], 107, [5] pp., [1] leaf of plates: ill.
• The Law of War and Peace.
• On the Law of War and Peace. De Jure Belli ac Pacis, translated by A. C. Campbell. London, 1814.
• de Jure Belli.

  Justice Joseph Story. A Discourse pronounced upon the inauguration of the author as Dane Professor of Law in Harvard University: on the twenty-fifth day of August, 1829. Boston; (Cambridge), 1829: "... Upon the general theory of the law of nations much has been written by authors of great ability and celebrity. At the head of the list stands that most extraordinary man, Grotius, whose treatise de Jure Belli et Pacis was the first great effort in modern times to reduce into any order the principles belonging to this branch of jurisprudence, by deducing them from the history and practice of nations, and the incidental opinions of philosophers, orators, and poets. His eulogy has been already pronounced in terms of high commendation, but so just and so true, that it were vain to follow, or add to his praise.*
  *Sir James MacKintosh, in his Introductory Discourse."

• de Jure Praedae.
• Hugo Grotius, his Discourses: I. Of God and his providence, II. Of Christ, his miracles and doctrine : with annotations and the authors life: an appendix concerning his judgment in sundry points controverted. London: Printed by James Flesher for William Lee, 1652. [14], 116 pp., [1] leaf of plates: port.
• [Baptizatorum puerorum institutio. English.] The Whole Duty of a Christian, both in faith and practice: succinctly explain'd in familiar verse: by way of question and answer: with exact references to the texts of scripture. Done into English from the Latin catechism of Hugo Grotius. London: printed and sold by John Morphew, 1711. 16 pp.
• Grotius, His Arguments for the Truth of Christian religion. London: Printed for Jonathan Robinson, 1686. [16], 168 pp. Translation of: De veritate religionis Christianae. "Virgil's fourth eclogue faithfully translated": p. 137-141./ "Imprimatur, Dec. 16, 1685, Z. Isham"/ Errata on p. [16]./ Reproduction of original in Huntington Library./
• Clement Barksdale, translator. The Magistrate's Authority in matters of religion asserted. Or The right of the state in the Church. A discourse written in latine by Hugo Grotius: Englished by C.B. M.A.London: printed for Joshua Kirton at the Kings Armes in St. Paul's Church-yard, 1655. [8], 316, [34] pp.
• Notes on Philemon.
• Rights of War and Peace.
• Defence of the Christian Religion.
• [De veritate religionis Christianæ. English.] Clement Barksdale, translator. Against paganism, Judaism, Mahumetism. Londoni: Printed for the author, and are to be sold by John Barksdale, 1676. [4], 95, [3] pp.
• Against Paganism, Judaism.
• Confutation of Judiasm and Islam and other religions.
• [De veritate religionis Christianæ. English.] Truth of the Christian Religion in Six Books: translated into English. By the Rev. Spencer Madan. Birmingham: re-printed by E. Piercy, 1797. 201,[1] pp. -- Preface by Spencer Madan -- Testimonies.
• [De veritate religionis Christianæ. English.] The Truth of the Christian Religion in Six Books. The Fifth edition corrected. London: Printed by J.L. for Luke Meredith, 1700. [28], 242, [8] pp. in French at Project Gutenberg. English alternate.
• Two Discourses.

Theologian, reformer. Read more about Gurney here, here and here.

• Four Lectures on the evidences of Christianity: delivered in Southwark, 1834, to the junior members of the Society of Friends. 2d American ed. Philadelphia: Henry Longstreth, 1859. 176 pp.; 16 cm. OCLC: 21617189
• Hints on the Portable evidence of Christianity. Boston: James Loring, 1833. 220 pp.; 16 cm.
• Substance of an address, on the right use and application of knowledge: lately delivered to the mechanics of Manchester, at their institution in that town. Providence: H.H. Brown, 1833. [1]-20 pp.; 20.8 cm. OCLC: 3453829
• Substance of a speech delivered at a public meeting of the inhabitants of the city and county of Norwich on the subject of British colonial slavery. [England: s.n., 1824?, Norwich: Burks and Kinnebrook, 1824. 31 pp.
• Substance of a speech delivered by John Joseph Gurney, Esq., at a public meeting of the inhabitants of Norwich, on the 28th January, 1824, on the subject of British colonial slavery. [England: s.n., 1824?] London: Ellerton and Henderson. 17 pp.; 20 cm.
• Memoirs of Joseph John Gurney: with selections from his journal and correspondence. 4th edition. Philadelphia, 1854. 1163 pp.

• Edmund Goldsmid, editor. The Principal navigations, voyages, traffiques and discoveries of the English nation.
  Volume 1 of 12. 1885. Volume 2 of 12. Volume 3 of 12. 1907. Volume 4 of 12. 1907. Volume 5 of 12. Volume 6 of 12. Volume 7 of 12. Volume 8 of 12. 1904. Volume 9 of 12. Volume 10 of 12. 1914. Volume 11 of 12. Volume 12 of 12. 1905.

Hall is Herbert Hoover Distinguished Professor of Political Science at George Fox University. Read about Hall here.

• Frank N. Magil, ed. "Religion and Politics." In Survey of Social Science: Government and Politics, Pasadena: Salem Press, 1995, pp. 1685-1691.
• "The Wilsonian Dilemma." Southeastern Political Review 25 (December 1997): pp. 641-658.
• The Political and Legal Philosophy of James Wilson, 1742-1798. Columbia: The University of Missouri Press, 1997. 228 pp. Abstract: A comprehensive analysis of Wilson's political and legal philosophy. By placing him in the context of the history of ideas, and by showing how his political theory influenced his concrete contributions to the creation of the American republic, Hall reveals Wilson's views of morality, epistemology, and human nature. These views made him the founding period's most important advocate of a strong and democratic national government that also protects the rights of the individual. The Political and Legal Philosophy of James Wilson, 1742-1798 is a significant examination of the intellectual and political legacy of one of America's leading founders. The book will be of great interest to political scientists, historians, and students of the law.
• Jeffrey Schultz, John West, Jr., and Iain Maclean, ed. "Susan B. Anthony," "Catharine Beecher," "Angelina Grimké," "Sarah Grimké," "Elizabeth Cady Stanton," "Harriet Beecher Stowe," and "Emma Willard ." In The Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics, Phoenix: The Oryx Press, 1998.
• Scott Douglas Gerber, ed. "James Wilson: Democratic Theorist and Supreme Court Justice." In Seriatim: The Early Supreme Court , pp. 126-154. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
• "Catharine Beecher: America's First Female Philosopher and Theologian." Fides et Historia 32 (Winter/Spring 2000): pp. 65-80.
• Scott Douglas Gerber, ed. "The Declaration of Independence in the Supreme Court." In The Declaration of Independence: Origins and Impact, pp. 142-160. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2002.
• "Beyond Self-Interest: The Political Theory and Practice of Evangelical Women in Antebellum America." Journal of Church and State 44 (Summer 2002): pp. 477-99.
• "James Wilson's Law Lectures." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography CXXVIII (January 2004): pp. 63-76.
• Daniel L. Dreisbach, Mark D. Hall, and Jeffry H. Morrison, ed. "James Wilson: Presbyterian, Anglican, Thomist, or Deist?: Does it Matter?" in The Founders on God and Government, pp. 181-205. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.
• Edited with Daniel L. Dreisbach and Jeffry H. Morrison. The Founders on God and Government. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004. Preview.
• With George Klosko. "Political Obligation and the United States Supreme Court." In George Klosko, Political Obligations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. This is a revised version of our article of the same title published in The Journal of Politics 60 (May 1998): pp. 462-80.
• "The Sacred Rights of Conscience: America's Founders on Church and State." Oregon Humanities (Fall/Winter 2005): pp. 40-46.
• Edited with Kermit L. Hall. Collected Works of James Wilson, 2 vols. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund Press, 2007.
  Contents: VOLUME I: PART 1: POLITICAL PAPERS, SPEECHES, AND JUDICIAL OPIONIONS OF JAMES WILSON: Considerations on the nature and extent of the legislative authority of the British Parliament (1774) -- Speech delivered in the Convention for the Province of Pennsylvania, held at Pennsylvania, in January 1775 -- An address to the inhabitants of the Colonies (1776) -- Considerations on the Bank of North America (1785) -- Remarks of James Wilson in the Federal Convention of 1787 -- James Wilson's State House yard speech (October 6, 1787) -- Remarks of James Wilson in the Pennsylvania Convention to ratify the Constitution of the United States (1787) -- Oration delivered on the 4th of July, 1788, at the procession formed at Philadelphia to celebrate the adoption of the Constitution of the United States -- Speech on choosing the members of the Senate by electors; delivered, on the 31st December, 1789, in the Convention of Pennsylvania, assembled for the purpose of reviewing, altering, and amending the Constitution of the State -- Speech delivered, on 19th January, 1790, in the Convention of Pennsylvania, assembled for the purpose of reviewing, altering and amending the Constitution of the State -- A charge delivered to the Grand Jury in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Virginia, in May, 1791 -- Hayburn's Case (1792) -- Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) -- Henfield's Case (1793) -- Ware v. Hylton (1796) -- On the improvement and settlement of lands in the United States -- On the history of property --
  PART 2: LECTURES ON LAW: Mark David Hall, Bibliographical essay: "History of James Wilson's Law lectures" -- Preface by Bird Wilson -- Lectures on Law, Part 1: Introductory lecture: Of the study of the law in the United States -- Of the general principles of law and obligation -- Of the law of nature -- Of the law of nations -- Of municipal law -- Of man, as an individual -- Of man, as a member of society -- Of man, as a member of a confederation -- Of man, as a member of the Great Commonwealth of Nations -- Of government -- Comparison of the Constitution of the United States, with that of Great Britain -- VOLUME 2: Lectures on law, Part 1 (continued): Of the common law -- Of the nature and philosophy of evidence -- Part 2: Of the Constitution of the United States and of Pennsylvania--Of the Legislative department -- Of the Executive department -- Of the Judicial department -- Of the nature of courts -- Of the constituent of parts of courts--Of the judges -- The subject continued--Of juries -- The subject continued--Of sheriffs and coroners -- The subject continued--Of counsellors and attornies -- The subject continued--Of constables -- Of corporations -- Of citizens and aliens -- Of the natural rights of individuals -- Part 3: Of the nature of crimes; and the necessity and proportion of punishment -- Of crimes against the right of individuals to liberty, and to reputation -- Of crimes against the right of individuals to personal safety -- Of crimes immediately against the community -- Of crimes affecting several of the natural rights of individuals -- Of crimes against the rights of individuals acquired under civil government -- Of the persons capable of committing crimes; and of the different degrees of guilt incurred in the commission of same crime -- Of the direct means used by the law to prevent offences -- Of the different steps prescribed by the law, for apprehending, detaining, trying, and punishing offenders.
• Edited with Gary L. Gregg. "James Wilson" and "Roger Sherman." In America's Forgotten Founders, pp. 11-24, 67-78. Louisville: Butler Books, 2008.
• "Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines: The Supreme Court's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases." Oregon Law Review 85 (2006), pp. 563-614. Republished in Margaret Monahan Hogan and Lauretta Conklin Frederking, eds., The American Experiment: Religious Freedom. Portland: The University of Portland, 2008.
• Edited with Gary L. Gregg. America's Forgotten Founders. Louisville: The McConnell Center, 2008. 178 pp.: ill.; 21 cm. Abstract: Short biographies of the top ten members of the founding generation who are often overlooked but deserve to be remembered. The book contains essential biographical material, summations of major accomplishments, and primary source material from the pens of these forgotten founders. Contents: James Wilson -- George Mason -- Gouverneur Morris -- John Jay -- Roger Sherman -- John Marshall -- John Dickinson -- Thomas Paine -- Patrick Henry -- John Witherspoon.
• "Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines: The Supreme Court's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases." High Court Quarterly Review, 5 (2009): 109-153. A revised version of the article originally published in the Oregon Law Review 85 (2006): 563-614.
• First Principles Series, The Heritage Foundation, June 1, 2009. PDF file.
• Edited with Daniel L. Dreisbach and Jeffry H. Morrison. The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2009. xxi, 316 pp. ; 23 cm.
  • Daniel L. Dreisbach, Mark David Hall, and Jeffrey H. Morrison, editors. "Roger Sherman: An Old Puritan in a New Nation," in The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2009.
• Edited with Daniel L. Dreisbach. The Sacred Rights of Conscience: Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church-State Relations in the American Founding. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund Press, 2009. xxxiv, 672 pp.: ill.; 29 cm. Abstract: This compilation of primary documents provides a thorough and balanced examination of the evolving relationship between public religion and American culture, from pre-colonial biblical and European sources to the early nineteenth century, to allow the reader to explore the social and political forces that defined the concept of religious liberty and shaped American church-state relations.
  Contents: Pt. I: Antecedents of the principles governing religious liberty and church-state relations in America. Biblical and European heritages -- Pt. II: Creating the principles governing religious liberty and church-state relations in colonial America. Fundamental laws, declarations of rights and public acts on ecclesiastical establishments and religious liberty in colonial America; Letters, tracts, and Sermons on religious liberty and duty in colonial America -- Pt. III: Framing the constitutional principles governing religious liberty and church-state relations in the American founding. The continental and Confederation Congresses and church-state relations; State constitutions, laws, and papers on church and state in Revolutionary America; Petitions, essays, and Sermons on church and state in Revolutionary America; References to God and the Christian religion in the U.S. Constitution; The religious test ban of the U.S. Constitution; The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution -- Pt. IV: Defining and testing the constitutional principles governing religious liberty and church-state relations in the new nation. Religion and the public policy and culture of the new nation; Religion and politics in the election of 1800; Thomas Jefferson and the "wall of separation"; Christianity, the common law, and the American order; Reflections on the American church-state experiment -- Appendixes. Historical chronology, 1607-1833; Summary of deliberations in the First Federal Congress on the First Amendment religion provisions, 1789.
• America's Founders on Prayer and the National Day of Prayer. The Christian Post, April 26, 2010.
• Vindiciae, Contra Tyrannos: The Influence of the Reformed Tradition on the American Founding. APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper. September 13, 2010.
• "Did America have a Christian Founding?" June 7, 2011. Abstract: Did America have a Christian Founding? This disputed question, far from being only of historical interest, has important implications for how we conceive of the role of religion in the American republic. Mark David Hall begins by considering two popular answers to the query--Of course not!--and--Absolutely!--both of which distort the Founders' views. After showing that Christian ideas were one of the important intellectual influences on the Founders, he discusses three major areas of agreement with respect to religious liberty and church-state relations at the time of the Founding: Religious liberty is a right and must be protected; the national government should not create an established church, and states should have them only if they encourage and assist Christianity; and religion belongs in the public square. In short, while America did not have a Christian Founding in the sense of creating a theocracy, its Founding was deeply shaped by Christian moral truths. More important, it created a regime that was hospitable to Christians, but also to practitioners of other religions. Heritage Foundation presentation, Friday, Dec 17, 2010. Video presentation also here at CSPAN without the audio buzz.

• "Christianity and the American Founding - APU Koch Lecture". Posted July 11, 2012.

• Madison's Memorial and Remonstrance, Jefferson's Statute for Religious Liberty, and the Creation of the First Amendment. American Political Thought. 3: 32-63. Spring 2014.
  Abstract: "Jurists, scholars, and popular writers routinely assert that the men who framed and ratified the First Amendment were influenced by James Madison's Memorial and Remonstrance (1785) and Thomas Jefferson's Statute for Religious Liberty (1786). In this essay I demonstrate that there is little evidence to support these claims. Because these documents represent only one approach to church-state relations in the era, jurists and others who believe that the religion clauses should be interpreted in light of the founders' views need to look well beyond these texts if they want to understand the First Amendment's 'generating history.'"
• Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos: The Influence of the Reformed Tradition in the American Founding. In Faith and the Founders of the American Republic, edited by Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014
• Religious Accommodations and the Common Good. Heritage Foundation Backgrounder. October 26, 2015.
• Faith of Our Founders: The Role of Religion in America's Founding. Intercollegiate Review. September 12, 2017.
  "By my count, then, there are exactly two Founders--Allen and Paine--whom we may confidently label 'deists.'? And one of the two is arguably not an American Founder."

• Everson's Syllogism. Law and Liberty. January 12, 2017.
  
• What the ACLU Gets Wrong about Separation of Church and State. Intercollegiate Review. September 29, 2017.
  
• Whose Rebellion? Reformed Resistance Theory in America, Part 1. Co-authored with Sarah A. Morgan Smith. Invited article for Unio cum Christo. 3 (October 2017): 169-184
  
• Whose Rebellion? Reformed Resistance Theory in America, Part 2. Co-authored with Sarah A. Morgan Smith. Invited article for Unio cum Christo. 4 (April 2018): 171-188
  PDF download.
• Why Tolerate Religion?. The Center for Political and Economic Thought at Saint Vincent College presents Mark David Hall's discussion September 19, 2018 at the Fred M. Rogers Conference and Event Center at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe, PA. Uploaded September 20, 2018.

• Mark David Hall; J Daryl Charles, editors. America and the Just War Tradition: A History of U.S. Conflicts. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2019. xvi, 321 pp.; 24 cm.
  Contents: The just war tradition and America's wars / J. Daryl Charles and Mark David Hall -- "Fear, honor, and interest": the unjust motivations and outcomes of the American Revolutionary War / John D. Roche -- The War of 1812 / Jonathan Den Hartog -- James K. Polk and the War with Mexico / Daniel Walker Howe -- The fractured Union and the justification for war / Gregory R. Jones -- Just war and the Spanish-American war / Timothy J. Demy -- The Great War, the United States, and just war thought / Jonathan H. Ebel -- The United States and Japan in the Second World War: a just war perspective / Kerry E. Irish -- America's ambiguous "police action": the Korean Conflict / Laura Jane Gifford -- Vietnam and the just war tradition / Mackubin Thomas Owens -- The First and Second Gulf Wars / Darrell Cole -- The War on Terror and Afghanistan / Rouven Steeves.
  
• Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth. In Great Christian Jurists in American History, edited by Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
  
• America's Founders, Religious Liberty, and the Common Good. University of St. Thomas Law Journal. 15 (2019): 642-661.
  
• Did America Have a Christian Founding? - Separating Modern Myth from Historical Truth. The Heritage Foundation, streamed live on November 6, 2019. Abstract: "Many Americans have been taught a distorted, inaccurate account of our nation's founding, one that claims that the founders were deists who desired the strict separation of church and state and that the country's founding political ideas developed without reference to Christianity. In this revelatory, rigorously argued new book, Mark David Hall thoroughly debunks that modern myth and shows instead that the founders' political ideas were profoundly influenced by their Christian convictions."

• Proclaim Liberty Throughout All the Land: Christianity and the Creation of the American Republic. Lead essay, The Faith of the American Founders, Cato Unbound Online Journal (June 2020).
  
• Mark David Hall on "The 1620 Project". Broadcast live on September 16, 2020.

  Abstract: Author and professor Mark David Hall speaks on his recent Chronicles article "The 1620 Project," and is joined in conversation by Chronicles Editor-in-Chief Paul Gottfried and Charlemagne CEO Devin Foley.

  400 years ago today, on September 16, 1620, the Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England, carrying a group of English Separatists now known as the Pilgrims on their voyage to the New World. In the September 2020 issue, Chronicles magazine takes a deeper look at the influence of this pivotal event in American history. In stark contrast to the hyperbole and revisionist history of The New York Times' recent The 1619 Project, Professor Hall examines the influence these early settlers had on the American founding.

  Professor Hall writes in Chronicles:

  "The Pilgrims...created political institutions and practices that profoundly influenced the course of American politics and facilitated later experiments in republican self-government and liberty under law. They valued natural rights, government by the consent of the governed, and limited government; and they were convinced that citizens have a right, and perhaps even a duty, to resist tyrannical governments. On the 400th anniversary of their pilgrimage, we should honor their contributions to the creation of the American republic."

  Mark David Hall is the Herbert Hoover Distinguished Professor of Politics and Faculty Fellow in the William Penn Honors Program at George Fox University. He is also associated faculty at the Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University and senior fellow at Baylor University's Institute for Studies of Religion. He has written, edited, or co-edited a dozen books on religion and politics in America and is a nationally recognized expert on religious freedom.

  Author of the 2019 book "Did America Have a Christian Founding?: Separating Modern Myth from Historical Truth", Professor Hall has a truly illuminating perspective on the subject of the Pilgrims as we take this 400-year look back at their legacy.

  Reading list:

  Mark's recommendations:

  "The Puritans" or "A Reforming People" by David D. Hall

  "Hot Protestants" by Michael P. Winship

  "The Sacred Rites of Conscience" edited by Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall

  "Did America Have a Christian Founding?" by Mark David Hall

  Paul's recommendations:

  "Errand Into the Wilderness" or other books by Perry Miller

  Books by Edmund S. Morgan

  "The Myth of American Individualism" by Barry Alan Shain

• Pray Vote Stand Townhall 2022. Uploaded October 13, 2022. Mark David Hall addresses the Pray Vote Stand Townhall on the Rise of the Term Christian Nationalism: Where did it come from and why is it being used? Hosted by the Family Research Council and the Regent University School of Government.

• Proclaim Liberty Throughout All the Land: How Christianity Has Advanced Freedom and Equality for All Americans. Fidelis Books, April 11, 2023. 272 pp.
  Abstract: From the American Puritans, who created some of the most republican and free institutions the world had ever seen, to America's founders' opposition to slavery, to contemporary Christian legal advocacy groups that fight to protect religious liberty for everyone, this volume offers an important corrective to those who would downplay the role Christianity has played in advancing liberty and equality for all citizens.
• Website.
• Media appearances.

American statesman and economist. Read about Hamilton here, here, and here.

• John Church Hamilton. History of the Republic of the United States of America, as Traced in the Writings of Alexander Hamilton and of his Contemporaries.
  
  • Volume 1 of 7. D. Appleton & Company, 1857.
  • Volume 2 of 7. D. Appleton & Company, 1879.
  • Volume 3 of 7. D. Appleton & Company, 1859.
  • Volume 4 of 7. Houghton, Osgood and Co., 1879.
  • Volume 5 of 7. D. Appleton & company, 1879.
  • Volume 6 of 7. D. Appleton & Company, 1860.
  • Volume 7 of 7. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1864.

    Hamilton's Christian faith discussed in History of the Republic of the United States of America, as Traced in the Writings of Alexander Hamilton and of his Contemporaries. 2nd edition, vol. 7 Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1864, p. 790.
    His religious feelings grew with his growing intimacy with the marvellous works of nature, all pointing in their processes and their results to a great pervading, ever active Cause. Thus his mind rose from the visible to the invisible; and he found intensest pleasure in studies higher and deeper than all speculation. His Bible exhibits on its margin the care with which he perused it. Among his autographs is an abstract of the Apocalypse--and notes in his hand were seen on the margin of "Paley's Evidences." With these readings he now united the habit of daily prayer, in which exercise of faith and love, the Lord's prayer was always a part. The renewing influences of early pious instruction and habit appear to have returned in all their force on his truest sensibilities, quickened by the infidelity shown in the action of the political world, and in the opinions and theories he had opposed, as subversive of social order. "War," he remarked, on one occasion, "by the influence of the humane principles of Christianity had been stripped of half its horrors. The French renounce Christianity, and they relapse into barbarism. War resumes the same hideous form which it wore in the ages of Gothic and Roman violence." It was the tendency to infidelity he saw so rife that led him often to declare in the social circle his estimate of Christian truth.
    "I have examined carefully," he said to a friend from his boyhood, "the evidence of the Christian religion; and, if I was sitting as a juror upon its authenticity, I should unhesitatingly give my verdict in its favor."* To another person, he observed, "I have studied it, and I can prove its truth as clearly as any proposition ever submitted to the mind of man."
    * Reminiscences of General Morton. (Presumably Jacob Morton, 1761-1836) Authenticity of these quotes examined here.

• The War in Europe - Alexander Hamilton. From The Works of Alexander Hamilton ed. Henry Cabot Lodge. (Federal Edition) New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. Vol. 6 of 12 [1799]. "War, by the influence of the humane principles of that religion [Christianity], had been stripped of half its horrors. The French renounce Christianity, and they relapse into barbarism;--War resumes the same hideous form which it wore in the ages of Gothic and Roman violence."
• John Torrey Morse. The Life of Alexander Hamilton. Boston, 1876. Volume 1 of 2. 433 pp. Volume 2 of 2. 387 pp. "I have studied it, and I can prove its truth as clearly as any proposition ever submitted to the mind of man." Volume 2, p. 370.
• Alexander Hamilton, Patriot. "The most extensive documentation of Hamilton's religious beliefs and principles on the Internet."
• The Farmer Refuted. Alexander Hamilton, The Works of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Henry Cabot Lodge (Federal Edition) (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904). In 12 vols. Vol. 1.
  • Mark in Spokane. Alexander Hamilton, William Blackstone and the nature of government. American Creation, August 15, 2011.

• A Narrative of the life of Mrs. Hamilton. The following is a true account of the dealings of God with the widow Sarah Hamilton, who was born and educated in the Romish religion, and afterwards converted to the Christian faith, as will appear in this narrative.

Major name American founder. Read about Hancock here.

• An oration; delivered March 5, 1774, at the request of the inhabitants of the town of Boston: to commemorate the bloody tragedy of the fifth of March 1770. By the Honorable John Hancock, Esq; [Five lines in Latin from Virgil]. (The second edition). Boston, M,DCC,LXXIV. [1774].
  "Surely you never will tamely suffer this country to be a den of thieves. Remember, my friends, from whom you sprang. Let not a meanness of spirit, unknown to those whom you boast of as your fathers, excite a thought to the dishonor of your mothers I conjure you, by all that is dear, by all that is honorable, by all that is sacred, not only that ye pray, but that ye act; that, if necessary, ye fight, and even die, for the prosperity of our Jerusalem. Break in sunder, with noble disdain, the bonds with which the Philistines have bound you. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed, by the soft arts of luxury and effeminacy, into the pit digged for your destruction. Despise the glare of wealth. That people who pay greater respect to a wealthy villain than to an honest, upright man in poverty, almost deserve to be enslaved; they plainly show that wealth, however it may be acquired, is, in their esteem, to be preferred to virtue.
  "But I thank God, that America abounds in men who are superior to all temptation, whom nothing can divert from a steady pursuit of the interest of their country, who are at once its ornament and safeguard. And sure I am, I should not incur your displeasure, if I paid a respect, so justly due to their much-honored characters, in this place. But when I name an Adams, such a numerous host of fellow-patriots rush upon my mind, that I fear it would take up too much of your time, should I attempt to call over the illustrious roll. But your grateful hearts will point you to the men; and their revered names, in all succeeding times, shall grace the annals of America. From them let us, my friends, take example; from them let us catch the divine enthusiasm; and feel, each for himself, the godlike pleasure of diffusing happiness on all around us; of delivering the oppressed from the iron grasp of tyranny; of changing the hoarse complaints and bitter moans of wretched slaves into those cheerful songs, which freedom and contentment must inspire. There is a heartfelt satisfaction in reflecting on our exertions for the public weal, which all the sufferings an enraged tyrant can inflict will never take away; which the ingratitude and reproaches of those whom we have saved from ruin cannot rob us of. The virtuous asserter of the rights of mankind merits a reward, which even a want of success in his endeavors to save his country, the heaviest misfortune which can befall a genuine patriot, cannot entirely prevent him from receiving."
• The Twelve United Colonies, by their Delegates in Congress, to the Inhabitants of Great-Britain. July 31, 1775. Published in The Pennsylvania Magazine, August 1775, pp. 379-388.
• Massachusetts Provincial Congress. In Provincial Congress, Concord, April 15, 1775. Whereas it has pleased the righteous Sovereign of the Universe, in just indignation against the sins of a people ... Resolved ... that Thursday the eleventh day of May next be set apart as a day of public humiliation, fasting and prayer. Also here. Boston: Printed by Edes and Gill, 1775. 1 sheet ([1] p.); 38 x 30 cm.
  "In circumstances as dark as these, it becomes us, as Men and Christians, to reflect that whilst every prudent measure should be taken to ward off the impending judgments, 'at the same time all confidence must be withheld from the means we use; and reposed only on that God rules in the armies of Heaven, and without His whole blessing, the best human counsels are but foolishness' Resolved; "Thursday the 11th of May, to humble themselves before God under the heavy judgments felt and feared, to confess the sins that have deserved them, to implore the Forgiveness of all our transgressions, and a spirit of repentance and reformation and a Blessing on the Union of the American Colonies in Defense of their Rights [for which hitherto we desire to thank Almighty God] That the people of Great Britain and their rulers may have their eyes opened to discern the things that shall make for the peace of the nation for the redress of America's many grievances, the restoration of all her invaded liberties, and their security to the latest generations."
• Massachusetts. Governor (1787-1793 Hancock) Commonwealth of Massachusetts. By His Excellency John Hancock, Esquire ... A brief. The Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians and Others in North-America, lately incorporated by an Act of this commonwealth, having requested and petitioned that a brief should be issued to make collections in the several religious societies for these important purposes, which request was complied with by the General Assembly ... Given under my hand and the seal of the commonwealth aforesaid, this twentieth day of June, Anno Domini, 1788. 1 sheet ([1] p.) ill. (relief cut) 52 x 39 cm.

  "I do therefore, in pursuance of the recommendation of the said General Assembly, and with the Advice of Council, hereby earnestly recommend to the good people of the Commonwealth, to contribute according to their abilities, in money, ---- --securities or other property, to this benevolent design, a design which early employed the attention of our venerable fore-fathers. I do request that all money or other property collected, may be paid into the hands of JONATHAN MASON, Esq. Treasurer of the said Society, as a fund to be employed by the Society for the purpose of propagating the knowledge of the Gospel among the Indians and others in America, and furnishing the means of religioius instruction to those places in this Commonwealth, which are now destitute of the same. And I do further request the Ministers of the several religious Societies within this Commonwealth to read this Brief to their respective Congregations, upon the first Lord's day after they shall receive the same, and to propose a collection on the Lord's day next following.

  To the Honorable the Senate and the Honourable Hosue of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

  The Society for propagating the Gospel among the Indians and others, in North-America, beg leave to show, that one design of our venerable Fathers in emigrating to this land, was professedly to extend the knowledge of our Glorious Redeemer among the Savage Natives; that this design was expressed and enjoined under both the charters, granted by the parent state to this Colony, and is, in the opinion of the Society, necessary and ---table at all times to be pursued, by a people who profess Christianity." ...
  Francis Dana
  Edward Wigglesworth
  Peter Thacher
  

• Commonwealth of Massachusetts. A Proclamation for a Day of Public Thanksgiving, November 27, 1788. Proclamation dated October 29, 1788.
• Commonwealth of Massachusetts. A Proclamation for a Day of Public Thanksgiving, November 26, 1789. Proclamation dated October 14, 1789.
• Commonwealth of Massachusetts. A Proclamation for a Day of Public Thanksgiving, November 17, 1791. Proclamation dated October 5, 1791. Printed at Boston: By Thomas Adams, printer to the honorable General Court of the commonwealth of Massachusetts., 1791. 1 sheet, 1 p.: ill. (relief cut); 51 x 40 cm.
• Daniel Foster. A Sermon Preached Before His Excellency John Hancock, Esq., Governour [sic]; His Honor Samuel Adams, Esq., Lieutenant-Governour; The Honourable The [sic] Council, Senate, and House of Representatives, of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, May 26, 1790 An election Sermon.
• Daniel Foster. A Sermon preached before His Excellency John Hancock, Esq. governour; His Honor Samuel Adams, Esq. lieutenant-governour; the Honourable the Council, Senate, and House of Representatives, of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, May 26, 1790: Being the day of general election. Boston, Massachusetts: Thomas Adams, printer to the Honourable, the General Court, 1790: 35, [1] p.; 22 cm.

Boston, Massachusetts.

• B----n, Dec. 8. 1713. To the Honourable the Society for Propogating [sic] the Gospel in Foreign Parts. The representation and request of the ministers, church wardens and vestry of the Church of England in B----n. We are informed by the Honourable G-----l N-------n ... that your Honourable Society have laid before Her Majesty, a particular scheme of settlement for bishops in these American parts ... . 1 sheet, 1 p. Note(s): Includes also an address to the Queen, requesting that a bishopric be established in America, and statements by Samuel Myles and Henry Harris regarding the relations of Governor Dudley and other government officials with the Church of England. Cf. Foote, H.W. Annals of King's Chapel, 1882, v. 1, p. 224-225./ Bristol and Ford assign an imprint date of 1713; however, Samuel Myles' statement is dated Feb. 17. 17-- [i.e. 1714, New Style]

See President Harrison's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

See President Harrison's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

Baptist preacher during the American Revolution. Read about Hart here.

• Dancing exploded. A Sermon, shewing the unlawfulness, sinfulness, and bad consequences of balls, assemblies, and dances in general. Delivered in Charlestown, South-Carolina, March 22, 1778. By Oliver Hart, A.M. [Six lines from Ecclesiastes] 32 pp. 18 cm. (8vo) This essay is included in The Patriot Preachers of the American Revolution, with Biographical Sketches, 1766-1783, edited by Frank Moore. New York, 1860. 368 pp. Disclaimer: We don't necessarily agree with Hart's position on dancing; However, this essay is included here for historical purposes only. Whether his argument is convincing is up to the individual to decide.

Hartford, Connecticut. Connecticut Courant, No. 1 (Nov. 19, 1764)-no. 492 (May 31, 1774). Published as: Connecticut courant and the weekly advertiser; Nov. 10, 1766-Apr. 6, 1767. The Connecticut courant and Hartford weekly intelligencer. No. 493 (June 7, 1774)-no. 681 (Feb. 10, 1778).; Connecticut Courant; No. 682 (Feb. 17, 1778).; The Connecticut courant, and the weekly intelligencer, No. 683 (Feb. 24, 1778)-no. 1364 (Mar. 14, 1791).; Daily courant, Vol. 1, no. 1 (Sept. 12, 1837)-v. 3, no. 308 (Dec. 31, 1839).; Hartford daily courant, Vol. 4, no. 1 (Jan. 2, 1840)-v. 51, no. 160 (July 8, 1887).; 57-77 cm. The Hartford Courant, Vol. 50 [i.e. 51], no. 161 (July 9, 1887)- present.

• William Neill. RELIGIOUS INTELLIGENCE; STATE OF RELIGION, A Narrative of the State of Religion within the bounds of the GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH: and of the General Association of Connecticut. New-Hampshire Massachusetts Proper, and of the General Convention of Vermont, during the last year, delivered at Philadelphia, May 1820. Connecticut Courant. July 4, 1820, p. 1.
• Honors Its Heroes; Barkhamsted Dedicates an Imposing Shaft. Sons and Daughters Welcomed Back to the Old Town. Names of the Patriots Honored--the Day Celebrated with a Parade. Address, oration and Poem--Governor Cooke Praises the National Guard. From The Hartford Daily Courant, September 11, 1897, pp. 8, 11. Oration by Walter S. Carter. "It was an eloquent and able paper, and was handled in a masterly manner. Beginning away back at the time of the discovery of this country he followed the events of time as far as this country was concerned up to the present. He declared the coming of the world's Redeemer and the landing of the Pilgrims, which was the birth of a Christian republic as the second grandest December event in the world's history, the landing of the Pilgrims being the bravest of all the world's deeds, and it is from such stock that the settlers of Connecticut came. The birthplace of American freedom was not in Independence Hall but in the Boston convention, when James Otis uttered his fierce denunciation of British writs of assistance, and in the house of burgesses, in Virginia, where Patrick Henry thundered forth his opposition to the nets of oppression of the crown."

Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.

• The Laws of Harvard College. Boston: Printed by Samuel Hall, at no. 53, Cornhill, M.DCC.XC. [1790]. 66, [2] pp.; 23 cm. (8vo)
  "All persons, of what degree soever, residing at the College, and all Undergraduates, whether dwelling in the College, or in the town, shall constantly and seasonably attend the worship of God in the chapel, morning and evening; and, if any Undergraduate come to prayers after the exercises are begun, he shall be fined one penny; and, if he shall be absent from prayers, without sufficient reason, he shall be fined two pence for every such neglect."
• Prince, Nathan, 1698-1748. The Laws of Harvard College. Boston: Printed by Rogers and Fowle?, 1743. 27, [1] pp.; 26 cm. Caption title: An account of the constitution and government of Harvard-College, from its first formation in the year 1636 to the year 1742.

Preacher.

• Christian Patriotism.

See President Hayes's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

Pastor.

• The Baptist Denomination: Its History, Doctrines and Ordinances. New York, 1857.

Writer. Historian. Read about Headley here.

• The Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution. New York, 1864. 402 pp. Also here.

American Founding Father. Read more about Henry here.

• "Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death". Patrick Henry's stirring speech with scripture references added. Introduction by David Barton.
• Speech delivered July 4, 1776. Includes footnote on the history of the Liberty Bell, inscribed with the verse from Leviticus 15:10.
• Samuel Greene Arnold. The Life of Patrick Henry of Virginia. Auburn [N.Y.]: Miller, Orton and Mulligan, 1854, [c1845]. 269 pp. Henry's letter to his daughter Betsy on August 20, 1796, p. 250. Also here.
  "The view which the rising greatness of our country presents to my eyes, is greatly tarnished by the general prevalence of deism, which, with me, is but another name for vice and depravity. I am, however, much consoled by reflecting that the religion of Christ has, from its first appearance in the world been attacked in vain by all the wits, philosophers and wise ones, aided by every power of man, and its triumph has been complete. What is there in the wit or wisdom of the present deistical writers or professors that can compare them with Hume, Shaftsbury, Bolingbroke and others; and yet these have been confuted, and their fame is decaying, insomuch that at the puny efforts of Paine are thrown in to prop their tottering fabric, whose foundations cannot stand the test of time.
  "Among other strange things said of me, I hear it is said by the deists that I am one of their number; and, indeed, that some good people think I am no Christian. This thought gives me much more pain than the appellation of tory, because I think religion of infinitely higher importance than politics, and I find much cause to reproach myself that I have lived so long and have given no decided and public proofs of my being a Christian. But, indeed, my dear child, this is a character which I prize far above all this world has, or can boast. And among all the handsome things I hear said of you, what gives me the greatest pleasure is, to be told of your piety and steady virtue. Be assured there is not one tittle, as to disposition or character, in which my parental affection for you would suffer a wish for your changing, and it flatters my pride to have you spoken of as you are.
  "Perhaps Mr. Roane and Anne may have heard (he reports you mention. If it will be any object with them to see what I write you, show them this. But my wish is to pass the rest of my days, as much as may be, unobserved by the critics of the world, who would show but little sympathy for the deficiencies to which old age is liable. May God bless you, my dear Betsy, and your children.""
• George Morgan. The True Patrick Henry: With Twenty-four Illustrations. Lippincott, 1907. 492 pages. Original from the New York Public Library.
  * In William Meade's "Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia," vol. ii, p. 12, the Rev. Mr. Dresser says that Patrick Henry had " a very great abhorrence of infidelity, and actually wrote a reply to 'Paine's Age of Reason,' but destroyed it before his death." "This," comments Edward Fontaine, "is certainly true. My father, Colonel Patrick H. Fontaine, was the oldest grandson of Patrick Henry. He was living with his grandfather when he wrote the reply to Paine mentioned by Mr. Dresser." But Patrick Henry, having read Bishop Watson's "Apology for the Bible," and deeming it a sufficient answer to Paine, decided not to publish his own manuscript."--p. 366 n.
  • Bishop William Meade. Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of Virginia. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1857), Vol. II, p. 12.

American minister and schoolmaster.

• The Cause of God and his people in New-England: as it was stated and discussed in a Sermon preached before the Honourable General Court of the ... Cambridg [sic, i.e., Cambridge, Mass.], 1663. 27 pp.
• Our Dying Saviour's legacy of peace to his disciples in a troublesome world: from John 14. 27. My peace I give unto you, &c.

Doctor and chaplain during the American Revolution. Member of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery. Learn more about Hitchcock here.

• Diary of Enos Hitchcock, D.D., a chaplain in the Revolutionary Army ; with a memoir. 1899. The diary covers the period from April 8, 1777 to Nov. 5, 1780./ Reprints "A devout soldier: a Sermon preached at West Point, June 23, 1782 [and] at Providence, February 2, 1783."
• A Discourse on the causes of national prosperity, illustrated by ancient and modern history, exemplified in the late American revolution: Addressed to the Society of the Cincinnati, in the state of Rhode-Island, at their annual meeting at East-Greenwich, July 4, 1786. / By Enos Hitchcock, A.M. of Providence; [One line in Latin from Virgil]. Providence, Printed by Bennett Wheeler, [1786]. 25 pp. Also here.

  May we all live and act in character, as men, formed in the image of God, and capable of being happy only in his favour;--as republicans, whose political existence depends on knowledge and virtue;--as the disciples of Jesus Christ, whose name we bear! let us study and practise all those virtues which nature inspires, religion enjoins, or society makes necessary."

• An Oration delivered July 4, 1788, at the request of the inhabitants of the town of Providence: in celebration of the anniversary of American independence, and of the accession of nine states to the Federal Constitution. / By Enos Hitchcock, A.M. Providence,Printed by Bennett Wheeler, [1788]. 23 pp.

• An Oration, in commemoration of the Independence of the United States of America: delivered in the Baptist meeting-house in Providence, July 4th, 1793. / By Enos Hitchcock, D.D [Providence]: Printed by J. Carter, [1793] 19 pp.

  By the constitution of the United States, no man is abridged of the liberty of enquiry--no religious test is required--no bait is thrown out by government to encourage hypocrisy, or exclude the honest and deserving. In this respect it possesses a liberality unknown to any people before. It must give pleasure to every generous mind, to hear--the children of the stock of Abraham? thus addressing our beloved president: "Deprived as we have heretofore been of the invaluable rights of citizens, we now (with a deep sense of gratitude to the Almighty Disposer of all events) behold a government erected on the majesty of the people?a government which to bigotry gives no sanction, to persecution no assistance, but generously affording to all liberty of conscience, and immunities of citizenship?deeming every one, of whatever nation, tongue or language, equal parts of the governmental machine. This so ample and extensive federal union, whose basis is philanthropy, mutual confidence, and public virtue, we cannot but acknowledge to be the work of the great God, who ruleth in the armies of heaven, and among the inhabitants of the earth."*

  *Extract from an address presented President Washington by the Jews at Newport, when on his tour through the eastern states, August 1790.

  May we ever show ourselves worthy of the blessings we enjoy, and never tarnish the bright lustre of this day, by any unbecoming excesses. Americans! think of the many privileges which distinguish your condition. Be grateful for your lot; and let your virtue secure what your valour, under God, hath obtained; and transmit to latest posterity the glorious inheritance. May the political edifice erected on the theatre of this new world, afford a practical lesson of liberty to mankind, and become in an eminent degree the model of that glorious temple of universal liberty which is about to be established over the civilized world.

  • An Oration in Commemoration of the Independence of the United States of America. Ellis Sandoz, Political Sermons of the American Founding Era. Vol. 2 (1789-1805) [1991]

Minister. Disclaimer: Unitarian. Learn more about Hitchcock in Annals of the American Pulpit: Unitarian Congregational. 1865 by William Buell Sprague.

• A sermon preached in the 2d Precinct in Pembroke, N.E: before a company voluntarily formed, for the revival of military skill, &c. October 10, 1757. / By Gad Hitchcock, A.M. Pastor of the Second Church in Pembroke. Boston, N.E.: Printed and sold by Edes and Gill, in Queen-Street, M,DCC,LVII. [1757] 23, [1] p. ; 22 cm. (8vo)
• A sermon preached before His Excellency Thomas Gage, Esq; governor, the Honorable His Majesty's Council, and the Honorable House of Representatives, of the province of the Massachusetts-Bay in New-England, May 25th, 1774. Being the anniversary of the election of His Majesty's Council for said province. / By Gad Hitchcock, A.M. Pastor of a church in Pembroke Boston: New-England: Printed by Edes & Gill, printers to the Honorable the House of Representatives, M,DCC,LXXIV. [1774] 56 pp. ; 21 cm. (8vo)
• Natural religion aided by revelation and perfected in Christianity. A discourse delivered in the chapel of the university at Cambridge, in the state of Massachusetts-Bay. September 1, 1779. At the lecture founded by the Hon. Paul Dudley, Esq; / By Gad Hitchcock, A.M. Pastor of the Second Church in Pembroke. State of Massachusetts. Boston: Printed by T. and J. Fleet, in Cornhill, M,DCC,LXXIX. [1779], 32 pp.; 20 cm. (4to)
• A sermon preached at Plymouth December 22d, 1774. Being the anniversary thanksgiving, in commemoration of the first landing of our New-England ancestors in that place, Anno Dom. 1620. / By Gad Hitchcock, A.M. Pastor of the Second Church in Pembroke Boston: Printed and sold by Edes and Gill, in Queen-Street, 1775, 44 pp.; 22 cm. (8vo)

Lawyer. Learn more about Hoffman here

• Legal Outlines: being the substance of the first title of a course of lectures delivered in the University of Maryland. New York, 1848.
• A Course of legal study: addressed to students and the profession generally. 2nd edition, rewritten and much enlarged. Volume 1. Baltimore, 1836. 2 vols. Volume 1 and Volume 2. 1846 edition, Two Volumes in One. Philadelphia: Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co., 862 pp.

  "The purity and sublimity of the morals of the Bible have at no time been questioned; it is the foundation of the common law of every christian nation. The christian religion is a part of the law of the land, and, as such, should certainly receive no inconsiderable portion of the lawyer's attention. In vain do we look among the writings of the ancient philosophers for a system of moral law comparable with that of the Old and New Testament. How meagre and lifeless are even the 'Ethics' of Aristotle, the 'Morals' of Seneca, the 'Memorabilia' of Xenophon, or the 'Offices' of Cicero, compared with it. 'From the Bible,' says Soame Jenyns, 'may be collected a system of Ethics, in which every moral precept founded on reason, is carried to a higher degree of purity and perfection than in any other of the wisest philosophers of preceding ages. Every moral precept founded on false principles, is totally omitted, and many new precepts added, particularly corresponding with the new object of this religion.'

  "So also, Mr. Locke remarks, that in morality there have been books enough written, both by ancient and modern philosophers, but that the morality of the Gospel so exceeds them all, that to give a man a complete knowledge of genuine morals, he would send him no other book but the Testament. These opinions are zealously corroborated by Sir William Jones, who thus expresses himself. 'I have carefully and regularly perused these Holy Scriptures, and am of opinion that the volume, independently of its divine origin, contains more sublimity, purer morality, more important history, and finer strains of eloquence, than can be collected from any other book, in whatever language it may have been written."' On another occasion he repeats, but with a slight variation, the same opinion. 'I cannot refrain from adding,' says he, 'that the collection of tracts, which we call from their excellence the Scriptures, contain, independently of a divine origin, more true sublimity, more exquisite beauty, purer morality, more important history, and finer strains both of poetry and eloquence, than could be collected within the same compass, from all the other books that were ever composed in any age or in any idiom.' 'The two parts of which the Scriptures consists,' continues this distinguished writer, 'are connected by a chain of compositions, which bear no resemblance in form or style to any that can be produced from the stores of Grecian, Indian, Persian, or even Arabian learning. The antiquity of those compositions no man doubts, and the unrestrained application of them to events long subsequent to their publication, is a solid ground of belief that they are genuine compositions, and consequently inspired.'

  "If treatises on morals should be the first which are placed in the hands of the student, and the structure of his legal education should be raised on the broad and solid foundation of ethics, what book so proper to be thoroughly studied with this view, if no other, as the Bible?"

• A Course of Legal Study. Review published in The Portico, a Repository of Science & Literature, March 1, 1817.
• A Circular to students at law in the United States. Baltimore, 1844. 12 pp. In this circular, Hoffman is recommended by Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Baltimore Patriot, The Philadelphia Daily Sun, and The Philadelphia United States Gazette.

President, Tekton Apologetics Ministries. Read more about Holding here.

• Yo Ho Ho and a Bottle of Flub? What About Article 11 in the Treaty of Tripoli?.

Baptist minister.

• The Eighty-second anniversary of American independence: being a full report of the events of the day in the city of Boston, together with the revised orations of Rufus Choate and John S. Holmes, and the speeches at the Faneuil hall and Revere House banquets. July 5, 1858. Boston: Boston Courier, 1858. 127 pp.; 24 cm.
• PUNISHMENT GOD'S LAST RESORT; Sermon by the Rev. John S. Holmes at the East Baptist Church. Printed in Boston Daily Globe. Boston, Mass.: May 8, 1876. p. 2.

American colonel under General George Washington.

• Died. Connecticut Courant, November 22, 1809.
  "Col. Holmes was a reputable officer under Gen. Washington, in the trying scenes 1776-7. He was faithful in the several offices he sustained; in the church and state, and was always found where duty called. By his example as well as his principles, he was a firm and generous supporter of the religion he professed, and of the civil government under which he lived. He was a tender and affectionate husband--a kind, indulgent and generous parent--to the poor a friend, a neighbor to the distressed. His life adorned the christian name, and charity bids us hope he is gone to receive the reward of a faithful follower of our Lord."

Clergyman. Read about Holyoke here.

• Foreshadowing the American Revolution: Edward Holyoke States That the Form of Government Originates from the People --- But That Theory Only Works If the People Have Integrity and Religion.
• Integrity and Religion to be Principally Regarded By Such as Design Others to Stations of Publick Trust: A Sermon preach'd before His Excellency, Jonathan Belcher, Esq; His Majesty's Council, and the Assembly of the province of the Massachusetts-Bay in New-England, on the anniversary for the election of counsellors for said province, May 26. 1736. Boston: Printed by J. Draper, printer to His Excellency the Governour and Council, for J. Eliot, 1736. 55 pp. "The man of true integrity acts always under a sense of his duty to God."
• The Duty of ministers of the Gospel to guard against the Pharisaism and Sadducism, of the present day. Shewed in a Sermon preach'd to the ... Boston, 1741. 38 pp.

Preacher. Read more about Hooker here.

• The Works of that learned and judicious divine, Mr. Richard Hooker, in eight books of the laws of ecclesiastical polity, compleated out of his own manuscripts. To which are added, several other treatises by the same author, all revised and corrected. There is also prefix'd before the book, The life of the author written by Isaac Walton. To this edition is added a large alphabetical index. Dublin, 1724.
• The Works of that learned and judicious divine Mr. Richard Hooker, containing eight books of The laws of ecclesiastical polity, and several other treatises. To which is prefixed the life of the author, by Isaac Walton. To this edition is subjoined a new index to the whole. Oxford, MDCCXCIII. [1793]. Volume 1 of 3. 507 pp. Volume 2 of 3. Volume 3 of 3. The Laws of Ecclesiastical polity. G. Routledge, 1888. 288 pp. Laws for the Church are not made as they should be unless the makers follow such direction as they ought to be guided by. Wherein that Scripture standeth not the Church of God in any stead, or serveth nothing at all to direct, but may be let pass as needless to be consulted with, we judge it profane, impious, and irreligious to think. For although it were in vain to make laws which the Scripture hath already made, because what we are already there commanded to do on our parts there resteth nothing but only that it be executed; yet because both in that which we are commanded, it concerneth the duty of the Church by law to provide that the looseness and slackness of men may not cause the commandments of God to be unexecuted, and a number of things there are for which the Scripture hath not provided by any law, but left them unto the careful discretion of the Church; we are to search how the Church in these cases may be well directed to make that provision by laws which' is most convenient and fit. And what is so in these cases, partly Scripture and partly reason must teach to discern. Scripture comprehending examples and laws, laws some natural and some positive, examples neither are there for all cases which require laws to be made, and when they are they can but direct as precedents only. Natural laws direct in such sort that in all things we must for ever do according unto them; positive, so that against them in no case we may do anything, as long as the will of God is that they should remain in force. Howbeit, when Scripture doth yield us precedents, how far forth they are to be followed; when it giveth natural laws, what particular order is thereunto most agreeable; when positive, which way to make laws unrepugnant unto them; yea, though all these should want yet what kind of ordinances would be most for that good of the Church which is aimed at, all this must be by reason found out. And, therefore, "To refuse the conduct of the light of Nature," saith St. Augustine, "is not folly alone, but accompanied with impiety." The greatest amongst the school divines, studying how to set down by exact definition the nature of a human law (of which nature all the Church's constitutions are), found not which way better to do it than in these words, " Out of the precepts of the law of Nature, as out of certain common and undemonstrable principles, man's reason doth necessarily proceed unto certain more particular determinations, which particular determinations being found out according unto the reason of man, they have the names of human laws, so that such other conditions be therein kept as the making of laws doth require," that is, if they whose authority is thereunto required do establish and publish them as laws. And the truth is that all our controversy in this cause concerning the orders of the Church is, what particulars the Church may appoint. That which doth find them out is the force of man's reason. That which doth guide and direct his reason is, first, the general law of Nature, which law of Nature and the moral law of Scripture are in the substance of law all one. But because there are also in Scripture a number of laws particular and positive, which being in force may not by any law of man be violated, we are in making laws to have thereunto an especial eye. As for example, it might perhaps seem reasonable unto the Church of God, following the general laws concerning the nature of marriage, to ordain in particular that cousins-german shall not marry. Which law notwithstanding ought not to be received in the Church if there should be in the Scripture a law particular to the contrary, forbidding utterly the bonds of marriage to be so far forth abridged. The same Thomas, therefore, whose definition of human laws we mentioned before, doth add thereunto this caution concerning the rule and canon whereby to make them: "Human laws are measures in respect of men whose actions they must direct, howbeit such measures they are, as have also their higher rules to be measured by, which rules are two, the law of God and the law of Nature. So that laws human must be made according to the general laws of Nature, and without contradiction unto any positive law in Scripture, otherwise they are ill made. Unto laws thus made and received by a whole Church, they which live within the bosom of that Church must not think it a matter indifferent either to yield or not to yield obedience, Is it a small offence to despise the Church of God? "My son, keep thy father's commandment," saith Solomon, "and forget not thy mother's instruction, bind them both always about thine heart." It doth not stand with the duty which we owe to our heavenly Father, that to the ordinances of our Mother the Church we should show ourselves disobedient. Let us not say we keep the commandments of the one, when we break the law of the other, for unless we observe both we obey neither. And what doth let, but that we may observe both, when they are not the one to the other in any sort repugnant? For of such laws only we speak, as being made in form and manner already declared, can have in them no contradiction unto the laws of Almighty God. Yea, that which is more, the laws thus made God himself doth in such sort authorize, that to despise them is to despise in them Him. It is a loose and licentious opinion which the Anabaptists have embraced, holding that a Christian man's liberty is lost, and the soul which Christ hath redeemed unto Himself injuriously drawn into servitude under the yoke of human power, if any law be now imposed besides the Gospel of Jesus Christ, in obedience whereunto the Spirit of God, and not the constraint of men, is to lead us, according to that of the blessed Apostle, "Such as are led by the Spirit of God are the sons of God," and not such as live in thraldom unto men.

  Their judgment is, therefore, that the Church of Christ should admit no law-makers but the Evangelists. The author of that which causeth another thing to be, is author of that thing also which thereby is caused. The light of natural understanding, wit, and reason, is from God; He it is which thereby doth illuminate every man entering into the world. If there proceed from us anything afterwards corrupt and naught, the mother thereof is our own darkness, neither doth it proceed from any such cause whereof God is the author. He is the author all that we think or do by virtue of that light which Himself hath given. And therefore the laws which the very heathens did gather to direct their actions by, so far forth as they proceeded from the light of Nature, God himself doth acknowledge to have proceeded even from Himself, and that He was the writer of them in the tables of their hearts. How much more, then, is He the author of those laws which have been made by His saints, endued further with the heavenly grace of His Spirit, and directed as much as might be with such instructions as His sacred word doth yield? Surely if we have unto those laws that dutiful regard which their dignity doth require, it will not greatly need that we should be exhorted to live in obedience unto them. If they have God himself for their author, contempt which is offered unto them cannot choose but redound unto Him.

• The Works of that learned and judicious divine Mr. Richard Hooker, containing eight books of The laws of ecclesiastical polity, and several other ... Oxford, MDCCXCIII. [1793]. 507 pp. vol. Volume 1 of 3. Extract:
  The Scripture is fraught even with Laws of Nature, insomuch that Gratian defining natural Right (whereby is meant the right, which exacteth those general Duties that concern Man naturally even as they are Men) termeth natural Right, that which the Books of the Law and the Gospel do contain. Neither is it vain that the Scripture aboundeth with so great store of Laws in this kind: for they are either such as we of ourselves could not easily have found out, and then the benefit is not small to have them readily set down to our hands; or if they be so clear and manifest that no Man endued with Reason can lightly be ignorant of them, yet the Spirit, as it were, borrowing them from the School of Nature, as serving to prove things less manifest, and to induce a persuasion of somewhat which were in itself more hard and dark, unless it should in such sort be cleared, the very applying of them unto cases particular is not without most singular use and profit many ways for Men's instruction.--pp. 264-265.

  Of Law there can be no less acknowledged, than that her Seat is the Bosom of God, her Voice the Harmony of the World: All things in Heaven and Earth do her homage, the very least as feeling her care, and the greatest as not exempted froom her Power--p. 289.

Puritan clergyman in the American colonies, chief founder of Hartford, Conn. Author of the world's first written constitution. Read about Hooker here.

• The People's Privilege of Election. Before the general court at Harteford, May 31, 1638. Correspondence of Connecticut with the British government. Connecticut Historical Society, 1860. 255 pp.
  Doctrine. I. That the choice of public magistrates belongs unto the people by God's own allowance.
  II. The privilege of election, which belongs to the people, therefore must not be exercised according to their humours, but according to the blessed will and law of God.
  III. They who have the power to appoint officers and magistrates, it is in their power also to set the bounds and limitations of power and place unto which they call them.
  Reasons. 1. Because the foundation of authority is laid, firstly, in the free consent of the people.
• George Leon Walker. The Life of Thomas Hooker. Boston, 1849. 322 pp.
• George Leon Walker. Thomas Hooker: Preacher, Founder, Democrat. New York: Dodd, Mead, and company, 1891. 203 pp.
• Logan, Walter Seth. Thomas Hooker, the first American Democrat: An Address. The Society, 1904. 28 pp.

See President Hoover's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

Theologian. Read more about Hopkins here.

• The American Citizen: His rights and duties, according to the spirit of the Constitution of the United States. New York, 1857. 454 pp.

Theologian. Read more about Hopkins here.

• A Dialogue concerning the slavery of the Africans: shewing it to be the duty and interest of the American States to emancipate all their African Slaves. New York, 1785. 71 pp.
• Sketches of the life of the late, Rev. Samuel Hopkins, D.D., pastor of the First Congregational church in Newport. Hartford, 1805. 236 pp.
• An Inquiry concering [sic] the future state of those who die in their sins: Wherein the dictates of Scripture and reason, upon this important subject, are carefully considered; and whether endless punishment be consistent with divine justice, wisdom and goodness: in which also objections are stated and answered. By Samuel Hopkins, A.M. Pastor of the First Congregational Church in Newport. [Two lines of Scripture text]. Newport, Rhode-Island: Printed by Solomon Southwick. 1783. [4], vi, 194 p. 19 cm. (4to)
• An Address to the people of New-England. Representing the very great importance of attaching the Indians to their interest; not only by treating them justly and kindly; but by using proper endeavors to settle Christianity among them. By Samuel Hopkins, A.M. Pastor of a church in Springfield. [Three lines of Scripture text] Printed in Boston, 1753. Being a conclusion to the Historical memoirs relating to the Housatunnuk Indians; with an account of the methods used for the propagation of the Gospel amongst the said Indians, by the late Reverend Mr. John Sergeant. Now recommended to the serious consideration of the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, and the other colonies. Philadelphia: Reprinted by B. Franklin, and D. Hall, 1757. 27, [1] pp.; (8vo)
• A Discourse upon the Slave-trade, and the slavery of the Africans. Delivered in the Baptist meeting-house at Providence, before the Providence Society for Abolishing the Slave-Trade, &c. At their annual meeting, on May 17, 1793. Providence, Rhode Island; printed by J. Carter, 1793. 22, [6] pp.; 20 cm. (8vo)

American musician, poet, and signer of the Declaration of Independence. Read about Hopkinson here.

• G. E. Hastings, 1878-1942. The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson. Chicago, Ill., University of Chicago Press, 1926. xi, 516 pp. illus. 23 cm.

English divine. Read more about Horne here.

• Influence of Christianity
• Providence of God Manifested in the rise and fall of empires. A Sermon preached at St. Mary's, in Oxford, at the assizes. Oxford, 1775. 32 pp.
• The Duty of contending for the faith. A Sermon preached at the visitation of the most reverend John Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, ... on Saturday, July 1, 1786. By George Horne, To which is subjoined a discourse on the trinity in unity. A new edition London, 1788. 52 pp.

Scientist, physician, historian and first chief of the United States Division of Forestry. Read more about Hough here and here.

• Hough, Franklin Benjamin, 1822-1885. Proclamation for Thanksgiving, issued by the Continental Congress: Pres't Washington, by the national and state governments on the Peace of 1815, and by the governors of New York since the introduction of the custom; with those of the governors of the several states in 1858. Munsell & Rowland, 1858. 183 pp.
  • Hough, Franklin Benjamin, 1822-1885. In press and will be published early in November, the Thanksgiving Proclamations of the revolutionary period, of Washington's administration, and of the national and New York state governments at the close of the last war with Great Britain; together with Those of the Governors of New York, from 1795 to 1858, and of the Governors of the several States for 1858, with an Historical Introduction and Notes.. Albany, 1857. The edition will be limited to 200 copies.

Congressman. Read more about Howell here.

• David Howell to William Greene, December 24, 1783. From Letters of Delegates to Congress: Volume 21 October 1, 1783 - October 31, 1784.

  "As there is no public worship in this place & Congress has at present no Chaplain, I have been witness to no act of public devotion since I have been here. The second night after my arrival being Saturday night, in the Edge of the evening the Servant brought into the room & set on the Table two candles & two packs of Cards. Some of the company soon spread around the Table & went to playing for money. I left the room & was shewed to another. After which I sent for Mr Ellery & we spent the Evening by ourselves. In conversation I observed to the Company that in N. England the Table would have been furnished with a bible & Psalm book instead of two packs of Cards.

  "I was told the next day that they had played for ten to twenty guineas a game--and that one man had lost 200 guineas. Gentlemen here boast of such adventures. So widely different are the customs & manners of the people here from those of N. England.

  "The older I grow the more I am impressed with the persuasion that religion is for the good of Society. If in this World only it had a reward, that reward would be sufficient to induce a reasonable man to become seriously religious: and the advantages Government would receive from the prevalence of some religion among the people are sufficient, in my opinion to induce every patriot, or good politician to countenance & encourage it by precept & example.

  "I therefore cordially join you in wishing that we may 'build our future empire on the basis of religion, virtue & justice.'"

Washington D.C. attorney.

• Charles E. George, editor. Rights of Religion and the Bible in Public and Private Schools. From The Lawyer and Banker and Central Law Journal, v. 20, n. 5, September/October 1927, pp. 285-297; v. 20, n. 6, November/December 1927, pp. 354-367. These essays cite many legal precedents supporting the Christian nation claim.
  "...In conclusion, it seems clear that from every standpoint--educational, literary, historical, professional, legal, business, financial, social, mental, moral and spiritual--the Bible and the principles enunciated therein are helpful and beneficial as well to the young pupil as the adult and the teaching of same in the public and private schools is not only not prohibited by the Federal Constitution, but on the other hand, that document as construed by the Supreme Court, denounces as invalid any State constitution, statute, or regulation, attempting to prevent or restrict such teaching in the public and private schools of the Word of God."

Historian.

• Pilots of the Republic: The Romance of the pioneer promoter in the Middle West. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., (Cambridge [Mass.]: University Press), 1906. 368 pp.: ill., ports.
  "Yet against what human motive may not the accusation of self-interest be cast? It has been hurled against almost every earnest man since Christ was crucified in ignominy nineteen centuries ago. Scan the list of men herein treated, and you will not find a single promoter of the Central West who was not accused of harboring' an ulterior motive, if not of downright perfidy. Some of the best of these leaders of the expansion movement were most bitterly maligned; the heroic missionaries who forgot every consideration of health, comfort, worldly prosperity, home, and friends were sometimes decried as plotting ambassadors of scheming knaves."

American clergyman and the first Protestant Episcopal bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York. Read about Huntington here.

• Christian citizenship and honest legislation: A Sermon delivered before His Excellency Henry J. Gardner, His Honor Henry W. Benchley, the honorable Council, and the legislature of Massachusetts, at the annual election, Wednesday, Jan. 6, 1858. Boston: W. White, 1858.

See President Jackson's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

"Founding Father John Jay was appointed by President George Washington as the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Jay had a very distinguished history of public service. He was a member of the Continental Congress (1774-76, 1778-79) and served as President of Congress (1778-79); he helped write the New York State constitution (1777); he authored the first manual on military discipline (1777); he served as Chief-Justice of New York Supreme Court (1777-78); he was appointed minister to Spain (1779); he signed the final peace treaty with Great Britain (1783); and he was elected as Governor of New York (1795-1801). Jay is also famous as one of the three coauthors, along with James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, of the Federalist Papers, which were instrumental in securing the ratification of the federal Constitution. John Jay was a strong Christian, serving both as vice-president of the American Bible Society (1816-21) and its president (1821-27), and he was a member of American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions."--David Barton.
Read about Jay here.

• American Bible Society Certificate Signed by John Jay David Barton: First Chief-Justice John Jay signed this membership certificate as President of the American Bible Society.
• From the New-York Daily Advertiser, May 20. Connecticut Courant, May 26, 1829. John Jay's obituary.
  "Deeply imbued from early life with the principles of the Christain religion, and viewing them as the source of all that is desirable in this life, and of all that we hope for in the life to come, that great subject has engrossed his thoughts, and occupied his attention for many years past, to a degree rarely found to exist among politicians and statesmen. After the death of his venerable friend, and fellow patriot, of the same age, the Hon. Elias Boudinot, another descendant from the Huguonots, Mr. Jay was appointed President of the American Bible Society--an Institution in which he took the deepest interst, and for whose prosperity he labored and prayed with the most fervent and unceasing devotion. About a year before his death, in consequence of his great age, and growing infirmities, he resigned that office, and was succeeded by the present worthy and dignified incumbent, the Hon. Richard Varick.
  "During his retirement, the duties of piety towards God, has been mingled with those of the parent and friend; and the delightful retreat of bedford, for a quarter of a century, has beheld this aged patriot, bending in deep humility and prostration of spirit, before the cross of his divine master--the great REDEEMER of men."
• Henry P. Johnston, editor. The Correspondence and public papers of John Jay. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1890, Volume 1 (1794-1826) of 4. 483 pp. Preface, Contents, Jay's Charge to the Grand Jury of Ulster Country, pp. 158-165. "The Americans are the first people whom Heaven has favored with an opportunity of deliberating upon and choosing the forms of government under which they should live." (Quote on page 161.)
• Henry P. Johnston, editor. The Correspondence and public papers of John Jay. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1890, Volume 2 (1794-1826) of 4. 465 pp.
• Henry P. Johnston, editor. The Correspondence and public papers of John Jay. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1890, Volume 3 (1794-1826) of 4. 515 pp.
• Henry P. Johnston, editor. The Correspondence and public papers of John Jay. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1890, Volume 4 (1794-1826) of 4. 554 pp.
• Henry P. Johnston, editor. The Correspondence and public papers of John Jay. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1890, Volume 4 (1794-1826) of 4. 554 pp. Text-searchable at the Online Library of Liberty.

  From an Address while President of the American Bible Society in May 13, 1834.

  "We have the satisfaction of again observing, that by the blessing of Providence on the zeal of our fellow citizens, and on the fidelity, diligence, and prudence with which our affairs are conducted, they continue in a state of progressive improvement. The pleasure we derive from it is not a little increased by the consideration that we are transmitting essential benefits to multitudes in various regions; and that the value and important consequences of these benefits extend and will endure beyond the limits of time. By so doing we render obedience to the commandment by which He who 'made of one blood all nations of men,' and established a fraternal relation between the individuals of the human race, hath made it their duty to love and be kind to one another.

  "We know that a great proportion of mankind are ignorant of the revealed will of God, and that they have strong claims to the sympathy and compassion which we, who are favoured with it, feel, and are manifesting for them. To the most sagacious among the heathen, it must appear wonderful and inexplicable that such a vicious, suffering being as man should have proceeded in such a condition from the hands of his Creator.

  "Having obscure and confused ideas of a future state, and unable to ascertain how far justice may yield to mercy, or mercy to justice, they live and die (as our heathen ancestors did) involved in darkness and perplexities.

  "By conveying the Bible to people thus circumstanced, we certainly do them a most interesting act of kindness. We thereby enable them to learn that man was originally created and placed in a state of happiness, but becoming disobedient, was subjected to the degradation and evils which he and his posterity have since experienced. The Bible will also inform them that our gracious Creator has provided for us a Redeemer, in whom all the nations of the earth should be blessed; that this Redeemer has made atonement ' for the sins of the whole world,' and thereby reconciling the divine justice with the Divine mercy, has opened a way for our redemption and salvation; and that these inestimable benefits are of the free gift and grace of God, not of our deserving, nor in our power to deserve.

  "The Bible will also animate them with many explicit and consoling assurances of the Divine mercy to our fallen race, and with repeated invitations to accept the offers of pardon and reconciliation. The truth of these facts and the sincerity of these assurances being unquestionable, they cannot fail to promote the happiness of those by whom they are gratefully received, and of those by whom they are benevolently communicated." --pp. 493-498. On War and the Gospel. Extracts, Contents, pp. 391-393, 403-419, letters to John Murray, October 12, 1816 and April 15, 1818. "Providence has given to our people the choice of their rulers, and it is the duty, as well as the privilege and interest of our Christian nation, to select and prefer Christians for their rulers."

• John Jay on the Biblical View of War. Introduction by David Barton. See also here.
• "Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence For the Independent Journal." Independent Journal, Wednesday, October 31, 1787. From The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, pp. 28-33. Produced with support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Also here
  "With equal pleasure I have as often taken notice that Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people--a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs, and who, by their joint counsels, arms, and efforts, fighting side by side throughout a long and bloody war, have nobly established general liberty and independence.
  "This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence, that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties.
  "Similar sentiments have hitherto prevailed among all orders and denominations of men among us. To all general purposes we have uniformly been one people each individual citizen everywhere enjoying the same national rights, privileges, and protection. As a nation we have made peace and war; as a nation we have vanquished our common enemies; as a nation we have formed alliances, and made treaties, and entered into various compacts and conventions with foreign states."
• Jay, William, 1789-1858. The Life of John Jay; with selections from his correspondence and miscellaneous papers. Volume 1 of 2. 528 pp. Volume 2 of 2. 504 pp. New York: J. & J. Harper, 1833.

American reformer, jurist, and the son of Founding Father and first U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay. Read about Jay in here.

• Citizen of the state of New-York. The author was identified in The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans ... Volume 6 of The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, Biographical Society, 1904, edited by Rossiter Johnson, John Howard Brown. A Memoir on the subject of a General Bible Society for the United States of America. New-Jersey, 1816. 15 pp.
• Jay, William, 1789-1858. The Life of John Jay; with selections from his correspondence and miscellaneous papers. Volume 1 of 2. 528 pp. Volume 2 of 2. 504 pp. New York: J. & J. Harper, 1833.
• An Inquiry into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization and American Anti-Slavery Societies. 3rd edition. New York : Leavitt, Lord, ([New York?] : D. Fanshaw) 209 pp.
• War and peace: the evils of the first, and a plan for preserving the last. London, 1842. 49 pp.
• With Leavitt, Joshua, 1794-1873. A View of the Action of the Federal Government in Behalf of Slavery. Utica: Pub. by J.C. Jackson, for the N.Y.S. anti-slavery Society, 1844. 112 pp.

See President Jefferson's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

"German legal historian and theorist who wrote on human and civil rights, electoral law, and the rights of minorities in the late 19th century. His history of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen shows the influence of the declarations of the individual colonies, such as Virginia, had on its formulation."-Online Library of Liberty. Read about Jellinek in The New International Encyclopædia, Volume 12.

• With Farrand, Max, 1869-1945, The Declaration of the rights of man and of citizens a contribution to modern constitutional history. Revised by the author. New York: H. Holt, 1901. vii, 98 pp.; 18 cm. A discussion of natural rights and the Reform tradition.

Author.

• Chaplains of the general government, with objections to their employment considered: also, a list of all the chaplains to Congress, in the army. Also, a list of all the chaplains to Congress, in the army and in the navy, from the formation of the government to this time. New-York, Sheldon, Blakeman & Co., 1856. 82 pp. Also here.
  As to the field of labor thrown open to all the chaplains employed by Government, whether at Washington, in the Army or the Navy, we doubt if it be sufficiently understood, or their labors duly appreciated. There is much which a Chaplain can do in each of the before named departments of the Government, which will never be performed if not done by them. They can go where other ministers, not appointed to the office, could not go; they can occupy places which other clergymen could not reach. Their very existence in the Government employ, commits our nation to the recognition of Christianity in distinction from Mohammedanism and Paganism. The Government recognizes no sect; it only employs the religious teacher which we as a nation prefer. The alarmists about the union of Church and State should be impressed, that our Government only defends religious liberty. It does not define religion. A colony of Mohammedans would be protected in erecting a mosque, or the Chinese a pagoda, as soon as a Catholic in erecting a cathedral, or an Episcopalian in consecrating a church, or a Friend Quaker in sitting quietly in a "meeting-house."
  We have stated that Chaplains have a field of labor peculiarly their own. Prayers offered up to the Father of all men, in each branch of the National Legislature every morning before proceeding to the important work of legislating for the weal or woe of the country, has its use. But preaching the Gospel every Sabbath in the Capitol to the many strangers especially, who visit Washington while Congress is in session, if to no others, has an important use, and the visits which the Chaplain, who does his duty, makes to the bedside of the sick and sometimes dying member of Congress, who may have arrived in Washington a stranger from some remote part of the country, has not unfrequently had a special use.
  In the Navy -- if it is desirable that a congregation of men, numbering as they usually do, in sea-going ships, from five to eight hundred, and sometimes a thousand, all accustomed to the usages of a Christian nation, should be favored with the ordinary means of grace on the Sabbath; to be visited and advised when sick, and to have a Christian burial when committed to their ocean grave, then a minister of religion must be with them in their long cruises through unhealthy latitudes; and when far away from the sound of the church-going bell, obey the summons proceeding from the quarter-deck, for all hands to attend on the public worship of God. Who but appointed Chaplains can officiate here?
  ... If the objectors to the employment of Chaplains, were to receive the last message of a dying son or brother from the hand of these ambassadors of Christ, -- to whom such words are usually uttered, -- would they feel any regret that the government provides for the sustenance of such men, while accompanying these hundreds of seamen through their perilous voyages round the world? We cannot believe they would.
• The Churches and pastors of Washington, D.C.: together with five hundred topics of Sermons, delivered in 1855 and '6: to which is added, a list of all the church edifices, and their localities. New York, 1857. 163 pp.
• Martha Washingtonianism, or, A History of the ladies' temperance benevolent societies ... New York, 1843. 88 pp.
• Memoir of Mrs. Thomazin Johnson, of Braintree, Mass., with an account of her pious lineage, from John Alden, the first pilgrim father who placed ... . Boston, 1835. 116 pp.

See President Johnson's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

Journalist. Read more about Johnson here.

• Great Quotes by Paul Johnson, selected by Dr. Alan Snyder, from A History of the American People, available here. New York, NY : HarperPerennial, 1st HarperPerennial ed. 1999, 1998. 1088 pp.; 21 cm.

  "[What most Americans believed was] that knowledge of God comes direct to them through the study of Holy Writ. They read the Bible for themselves, assiduously, daily. Virtually every humble cabin in Massachusetts colony had it own Bible. This direct apprehension of the word of God was a formula for religious excitement and exaltation, for all felt themselves in a close, daily, and fruitful relationship with the deity. It explains why New England religion was so powerful a force in people-s lives and of such direct and continuing assistance in building a new society from nothing. They were colonists for God, planting in His name." -- From A History of the American People, p. 40.

• A History of Christianity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1st Touchstone ed. 1995, 1976. viii, 556 pp.; 24 cm., available here. 1. The rise and rescue of the Jesus Sect (50 BC- AD250) -- 2. From martyrs to inquisitors (AD 250-450) -- 3. Mitred lords and crowned ikons (450-1054) -- 4. The total society and its enemies (1054-1500) -- 5. The third force (1500-1648) -- 6. Faith, reason and unreason (1648-1870) -- 7. Almost-chosen peoples (1500-1910) -- 8. The nadir of triumphalism (1870-1975). Malcolm Muggeridge, New Statesman (London): "Paul Johnson's study of Christianity, from his namesake Apostle to Pope John XXIII, more particularly in relation to the role in world history of the Roman Catholic Church and other institutional manifestations, can only be described as masterly. It combines a great wealth of scholarship, including many fascinating byways as well as the main highways, with a vigorous, confident style, a kind of innate intensity which carries the narrative along so that it rarely falters and is never dull."

Clergyman.

• Some important observations, occasioned by, and adapted to, the publick fast, ordered by authority, December 18th, A.D. 1765. On account of the peculiar circumstances of the present day. Now humbly offered to the publick, by the author. 61, [1] p. 19 cm. (4to)
• Integrity and piety the best principles of a good administration of government, illustrated, in a Sermon, preached before the General Assembly of the colony of Connecticut, at Hartford, on the day of their anniversary election, May 10th, 1770. New-London [Conn.]: Printed by Timothy Green, printer to the governor and Company of Connecticut, M,DCC,LXX. [1770]

Connecticut jurist and statesman. Signer of the U.S. Constitution. His father was Samuel Johnson, the well-known Anglican clergyman, Berkeleian philosopher, and first president of King's College, New York. Read about Johnson here, here, here and here.

• n.g. Obituary. Connecticut Courant, November 23, 1819, p. 3.
• Eben Edwards Beardsley, 1808-1891. Life and times of William Samuel Johnson, LL.D.: first senator in Congress from Connecticut, and president of Columbia college, New York. Hurd and Houghton, 1876. 218 pp. Also here.

Georgia historian.

• Biographical Sketches of the delegates from Georgia to the Continental Congress. Houghton, Mifflin, 1891. 211 pp. Also at Digital Library of Georgia.

• United States. Continental Congress. Journals of Congress. Containing the proceedings from Sept. 5. 1774. to Jan. 1. 1776. Published by order of Congress. Volume I. Volume 1. Philadelphia, M.DCC.LXXVII. [1777]. 327 pp. 1 vols.
  • United States. Continental Congress. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, Volume 8. U.S. Govt. print off., 1907. "Whereupon, the Congress was moved, to order the Committee of Commerce to import twenty thousand copies of the Bible." Also citation at the Library of Congress.
• United States. Continental Congress. Journals of Congress, containing the proceedings from January 1st, 1777, to January 1st, 1778. Published by order of Congress. Volume III. Volume 3. Philadelphia, [1778]. 651 pp. 3 vols.
• United States. Continental Congress. Journals of Congress: containing their proceedings from January 1, 1779, to January 1, 1780. Published by authority. Volume V. . Volume 5. Philadelphia, 1800. 383 pp. 5 vols.
• United States. Continental Congress. Journals of Congress, and of the United States in Congress assembled. For the year 1781. Published by order of Congress. Volume VII. Volume 7. Philadelphia, M,DCC,LXXXI [i.e., 1782]. 610 pp. 7 vols.
• United States. Continental Congress. Journals of Congress: containing their proceedings from November 2, 1782, to November 1, 1783. Published by authority. Volume VIII. Volume 8. Philadelphia: from Folwell's Press, 1800. 337, [17] pp.
• United States. Continental Congress. Journal of the United States in Congress assembled: containing the proceedings from the 3d day of November, 1785. to the 3d day of November, 1786. Volume XII [i.e., XI]: Published by order of Congress. Philadelphia: Printed by John Dunlap, 1786.
• IV. Religion and the Congress of the Confederation, 1774-89.
• The Liberty Window: The Prayer in the First Congress, A.D. 1774. At its initial meeting in September 1774 Congress invited the Reverend Jacob Duché (1738-1798), rector of Christ Church, Philadelphia, to open its sessions with prayer, which was favorably received. Duché ministered to Congress in an unofficial capacity until he was elected the body's first chaplain on July 9, 1776. He defected to the British the next year. Pictured here in the bottom stained-glass panel is the first prayer in Congress, delivered by Duché. The top part of this extraordinary stained glass window depicts the role of churchmen in compelling King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215.
• Rules and Articles, for the better Government of the Troops . . . of the Twelve united English Colonies of North AmericaPage 4 and Page 5. Philadelphia: William and Thomas Bradford, 1775. Congress was apprehensive about the moral condition of the American army and navy and took steps to see that Christian morality prevailed in both organizations. In the Articles of War, seen below, governing the conduct of the Continental Army (seen above) (adopted, June 30, 1775, text here; revised, September 20, 1776, text here). Congress devoted three of the four articles in the first section to the religious nurture of the troops. Article 2 "earnestly recommended to all officers and soldiers to attend divine services." Punishment was prescribed for those who behaved "indecently or irreverently" in churches, including courts-martial, fines and imprisonments. Chaplains who deserted their troops were to be court-martialed.
• Extracts from the Journals of Congress, relative to the Capture and Condemnation of Prizes, and filling out Privateers, together with the Rules and Regulations of the Navy, and Instructions to Private Ships of War Page 16 and Page 17. Philadelphia: William and Thomas Bradford, 1775. Text here. Congress particularly feared the navy as a source of moral corruption and demanded that skippers of American ships make their men behave. The first article in Rules and Regulations of the Navy, adopted on November 28, 1775, ordered all commanders "to be very vigilant . . . to discountenance and suppress all dissolute, immoral and disorderly practices." The second article required those same commanders "to take care, that divine services be performed twice a day on board, and a Sermon preached on Sundays." Article 3 prescribed punishments for swearers and blasphemers: officers were to be fined and common sailors were to be forced "to wear a wooden collar or some other shameful badge of distinction."
• Congressional Fast Day Proclamation, March 16, 1776. Text here. Congress proclaimed days of fasting and of thanksgiving annually throughout the Revolutionary War. This proclamation by Congress set May 17, 1776, as a "day of Humiliation, Fasting and Prayer" throughout the colonies. Congress urges its fellow citizens to "confess and bewail our manifold sins and transgressions, and by a sincere repentance and amendment of life, appease his [God's] righteous displeasure, and through the merits and mediation of Jesus Christ, obtain his pardon and forgiveness." Massachusetts ordered a "suitable Number" of these proclamations be printed so "that each of the religious Assemblies in this Colony, may be furnished with a Copy of the same" and added the motto "God Save This People" as a substitute for "God Save the King."
• Recommendation of a day of Thanksgiving. November 1, 1777.
• Congressional Thanksgiving Day Proclamation. November 1, 1777. Text here. Congress set December 18, 1777, as a day of thanksgiving on which the American people "may express the grateful feelings of their hearts and consecrate themselves to the service of their divine benefactor" and on which they might "join the penitent confession of their manifold sins . . . that it may please God, through the merits of Jesus Christ, mercifully to forgive and blot them out of remembrance." Congress also recommends that Americans petition God "to prosper the means of religion for the promotion and enlargement of that kingdom which consisteth in righteousness, peace and joy in the Holy Ghost."
• AN ADDRESS OF THE CONGRESS TO THE INHABITANTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, May 8, 1778. Friends and Countrymen: Three years have now passed away, since the commencement of the present war: a war without parallel in the annals of mankind. It hath displayed a spectacle, the most solemn that can possibly be exhibited. On one side, we behold fraud and violence laboring in the service of despotism; on the other, virtue and fortitude supporting and establishing the rights of human nature. You cannot but remember how reluctantly we were dragged into this arduous contest; and how repeatedly, with the earnestness of humble intreaty, we supplicated a redress of our grievances from him who ought to have been the father of his people. In vain did we implore his protection: in vain appeal to the justice, the generosity, of Englishmen; of men, who had been the guardians, the assertors and vindicators of liberty through a succession of ages: Men, who, with their swords, had established the firm barrier of freedom, and cemented it with the blood of heroes. Every effort was vain. For, even whilst we were prostrated at the foot of the throne, that fatal blow was struck, which hath separated us for ever. Thus spurned, contemned, and insulted; thus driven by our enemies into measures, which our souls abhorred; we made a solemn appeal to the tribunal of unerring wisdom and justice: to that Almighty Ruler of Princes, whose kingdom is over all. ... "It is to obtain these things that we call for your strenuous, unremitted exertions. Yet do not believe that you have been, or can be saved merely by your own strength. No! it is by the assistance of Heaven, and this you must assiduously cultivate, by acts which Heaven approves. Thus shall the power and the happiness of these sovereign, free and independent states, founded on the virtue of their citizens, increase, extend and endure, until the Almighty shall blot out all the empires of the earth. "Resolved, That it be recommended to ministers of the gospel of all denominations to read or cause to be read, immediately after divine service, the above address to the inhabitants of the United States of America, in their respective churches and chapels, and other places of religious worship."
• Recommendation for a day of Thanksgiving. November 17, 1778.
• Congressional Fast Day Proclamation, March 20, 1779. Text here.
• Recommendation for a day of Thanksgiving. October 20, 1779.
• Resolution setting apart a day of Thanksgiving and prayer. October 18, 1780.
• Proclamation of a day of public Thanksgiving and prayer . October 26, 1781.
• Congressional Thanksgiving Day Proclamation, October 11, 1782 . Text here. Congress set November 28, 1782, as a day of thanksgiving on which Americans were "to testify their gratitude to God for his goodness, by a cheerful obedience to his laws, and by promoting, each in his station, and by his influence, the practice of true and undefiled religion, which is the great foundation of public prosperity and national happiness."
• Proclamation of a day of Thanksgiving. October 18, 1783.
• An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio, 1787. Broadside, Continental Congress, 1787. Text here. On July 13, 1787 Congress passed the famous Northwest Ordinance. Article 3 of the Ordinance contained the following language: "Religion, Morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, Schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged."
• Resolution granting lands to Moravian Brethren Left page and Right page. Records of the Continental Congress in the Constitutional Convention, July 27, 1787, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. (119) Text here. In this resolution, Congress makes public lands available to a group for religious purposes. Responding to a plea from Bishop John Ettwein (1721-1802), Congress voted that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren . . . or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity." The Delaware Indians were the intended beneficiaries of this Congressional resolution.
• Delaware Indian and English Spelling Book for the Schools of the Mission of the United Brethren Left page and Right page. David Zeisberger, Philadelphia: Mary Cist, 1806. David Zeisberger (1721-1802) was a famous Moravian missionary who spent much of his life working with the Delaware Indians. His Spelling Book contains a "Short History of the Bible," in the English and Delaware languages, on facing pages.
• United States. Continental Congress. Secret journals of the acts and proceedings of Congress: from the first meeting thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation, by the adoption ... . Volume 3. Boston, 1820-21. 612 pp. 4 vols.

Biographer.

• A Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of independence: and of Washington and Patrick Henry. With an appendix, containing the Constitution of the United States and other documents, Volume 1. J. Dobson, and Thomas, Cowperthwait & co., 1839. 354 pp.
• Volume 2. T. Whittaker, 1891. 354 pp.

Presbyterian pastor. Read more about Keith here.

• The Friendly influence of religion and virtue on the prosperity of a nation: a Sermon, preached to the Independent or Congregational Church in Charleston, South-Carolina, June 14, 1789. . Charleston: Printed by Markland & M'Iver, no. 47, Bay., 1789. 23 pp.
• National affliction, and national consolation!: A Sermon, on the death of General George Washington, late commander in chief of the armies, and formerly president of the United States of America: who died at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1799, in the 68th year of his age. Delivered on the twelfth of January, one thousand eight hundred, in the Independent, or Congregational Church, in Charleston, South Carolina. Charleston, Printed by W.P. Young, Franklin's Head, no. 43, Broad Street, 1800. 29 pp.
• Trust in God, explained and recommended : In a Sermon, preached, with some special reference to the state of the public mind, in the prospect of war: in the Independent, or Congregational Church, Charleston, South Carolina, July 12, 1807. Charleston [S.C.]: Printed by W.P. Young, 1807. 29 pp.

American congressman and abolitionist. Read more about Kelley here.

• The Equality of all men before the law: claimed and defended. Boston, 1865. 42 pp.

Jurist

• With Wilson Miles Day; b. 1850. The Bench and Bar of Cleveland. Cleveland: Cleveland Printing and Pub. Co., 1889. 358 pp.: ports; 26 cm.

See President Kennedy's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

Jurist and commentator on law. Read more about Kent here.

• Commentaries on American law. 12th edition edited by O.W. Holmes Jr., 14th edition edited by John M. Gould. Boston, 1896. Vol. 1 of 4. 1008 pp. Vol. 2 of 4. 1071 pp. Vol. 3 of 4. 795 pp. Vol. 4 of 4. 748 pp.
• Contents and "Of the Rights of Persons," from Commentaries on American law. 12th edition / edited by O.W. Holmes Jr., 14th edition / edited by John M. Gould. Boston: Little, Brown, 1896. 1071 pp. Volume 2 of 4.
• Kent, William. Memoirs and letters of James Kent, LL. D., late chancellor of the State of New York: by his great-grandson. Boston: Little, Brown, 1898. x, 341 pp.: port.; 21 cm. Extract.

  "Shortly before my father's death," records Judge William Kent, "the conversation having turned upon the foreign custom of attending places of amusement on Sunday, my father said, 'I am by no means an ascetic in religion as you know, yet I was brought up strictly to regard the Sabbath, and I should like my children always to regard it.'"

  His manner became serious, and after a few minutes he went on:

  "My children, I wish to talk to you. During my early and middle life I was, perhaps, rather sceptical with regard to some of the truths of Christianity. Not that I did not have the utmost respect for religion, and always read my Bible, but the doctrine of the atonement was one I never could understand, and I felt inclined to consider as impossible to be received in the way divines taught it. I believe I was rather inclined to Unitarianism; but of late years my views have altered. I believe in the doctrines of the prayer-books, as I understand them, and hope to be saved through the merits of Jesus Christ."

American patriot. Read about Key here

• An Oration. Maryland Gazette March 24, 1814.
  "He who submits to be guided by the divine light of revelation has learned the nature and condition of man, the engagements, to which he is called, and the dangers that oppose him. He has heard of his high original, of his wretched fall, of his glorious redemption, of the awful and everlasting destiny which awaits him -- Grateful for his deliverance, thankful for all the blessings of life, and exulting in the hopes of eternity, he has acknowledged the Almighty as his Lord, and devoted himself to his service."
• Oration delivered by Francis S. Key, Esq.: in the rotunda of the capitol of the United States on the 4th of July, 1831. Washington, 1831?. 16 pp.
• n.g. The Curiosity Shop. "In God We Trust." Atchison Daily Globe, June 23, 1893.
• n.g., Frederick, Maryland. Francis Scott Key; Monument to the Author of "Star Spangled Banner". The Shaft Uncovered by a Grand-daughter of Key -- Patriotic Oration by Colonel Henry Watterson. From The Morning Oregonian, August 10, 1898.
  "In every turn of fortune, God has stood by the republic; not less in the strange vicissitudes of the wars of the Revolution and of 1812, than in those of the war of sections: in the raising up of Paul Jones and Perry, of Preble and Hull, when, discouraged upon the land, the sea was to send God's people messages of victory, and in the striking down of Albert Sidney Johnston and Stonewall Jackson, when they were sweeping all before them. Inscrutable are the ways of Providence to man. Philosophers may argue as they will, and rationalism may draw its conclusions; but the mysterious power unexplained by either has, from the beginning of time, ruled the destinies of men."
• n.g. "Star Spangled Banner." Daily Cleveland Herald, October 12, 1819. Third column. Detail on the circumstances of composing "The Star Spangled Banner." Also, "Thanksgiving," in column two. Thanksgiving days are appointed by Gov. Everett of Massachusetts and Gov. Ellsworth of Connecticut. "This time-honored New England custom of setting apart a day of general thanksgiving after the in-gathering of the harvest, is worthy of imitation throughout the land."

New York Minister.

• Christianity Practically Applied: The Discussions of the International Christian Conference Held in Chicago, October 8-14, 1893, in Connection with the World's Congress, Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Under the Auspices and Direction of the Evangelical Alliance for the United States of America. Baker & Taylor, 1894. 517 pages. Original from the New York Public Library. Christian Liberty. Religious Liberty and the State. Excerpted as Religious Liberty: America's Contribution to this Primordial Right of Man, Syracuse Standard, September 8, 1895.
  "Christianity is not a part of the law of this country in such a sense as makes its commands or precepts binding upon the people, except so far only as they have been made a part of the statute or municipal law by adoption and incorporation. We live under laws made by a Christian people. Christianity underlies and has largely influenced the laws of Christian nations. The duties which men owe to each other and to society are proper subjects of civil cognizance, but the duties which they owe to God are of moral obligation only, and are not within the proper domain of civil authority, and any attempt to enforce them by legislation would be repugnant to our constitutional system."

Cleveland merchant, abolitionist, reformer and publisher.

• United States. Congress. Public Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, Third Session of the Twenty-Fifth Congress, Begun and Held at the City of Washington, December 3, 1838, and in the Sixty-Third Year of the Independence of the United States, 1838-1839. In Five Volumes. Volume I. Containing Documents From No. 1 to No. 17. Washington: Printed by Blair and Rives. Publisher: U.S. G.P.O., 1839. Petition of Truman Hastings and others, Praying the repeal of that part of the act of Congress, regulating the Post Office Department, which requires post offices to be kept open on Sunday. December 12, 1838.

  District of Columbia.--See Story's Appendix, D. S. Laws, chap. 86, sec. 1st, from which it appears that the District was to be governed by the laws then (February 27,1801) existing in the States of Maryland and Virginia. Now if, on examination, it shall appear that these two States had, at that time, laws against Sabbath desecration, which is more than probable, and laws favoring the Christian religion, two things already commented upon will appear still more evident, viz: that whenever Congress speaks of religion, it means the Christian religion, and that Congress itself, while making laws for the government of its Territories, (as well as the States, while making laws to govern themselves,) believed that it had the right to require the people in said Territories to observe the Christian Sabbath. And, if they had such right, which few if any will deny, then certainly the law requiring labor in the Post Office Department is utterly void.

  THIS IS A CHRISTIAN NATION.

  A 'few' more extracts may now be added on this topic; before entering upon the last position in the argument "Now there will probably be found few persons in this or any other Christian country, who would deliberately contend that it was unreasonable or unjust to foster and encourage the Christian religion generally, as a matter of sound policy, as well as of revealed truth. In fact every American colony, from its formation down to the revolution, with the exception of Rhode Island, (if indeed that State be an exception) did openly, by the whole course of its laws and institutions, support and sustain, in some form, the Christian religion; and almost invariably gave a peculiar sanction to some of its fundamental doctrines. And this has continued to be the case in some of the States down to the present period, without the slightest suspicion that it was against the principles of public law, or republican liberty. Indeed, in a republic, there would seem to be a peculiar propriety in viewing the Christian religion as the great basis on which it must rest for its support and permanence, if it he what it ever has teen deemed by its truest friends to be, the religion of liberty." (Story's Commentary, §1,867.)

• The Sabbath: A brief history of laws, petitions, remonstrances and reports, with facts and arguments relating to the Christian Sabbath. New York, 1840. 393 pp. Also here, here, and here.
  • Petition of Truman Hastings and others. Extract.
• Law and Government: The Origin, Nature, Extent, and Necessity of Divine and Human Government, and of Religious Liberty. New York: Published by C. M. Saxton, 1849. 236 pp. Original from the University of Michigan. Also New York: J. Leavitt, 1841here.

  As all civil governments derive their authority from the will of God, it is evident that His law must be regarded as the sole basis of their power. It is true that human society, in the present age of the world, embraces a variety of artificial relations and peculiarities, which had no existence at the time when the law was given; yet these, for the most part, are mainly compounded of original elements, instituted by God at the creation. In adapting His law to those fixed and permanent relations, which constitute the chief elements of the moral system, it cannot be supposed that He would overlook any of their possible modifications; and hence, we find, on examination, that His law is "exceeding broad," and applicable to the minutest circumstances of human life. Notwithstanding the rapid changes which have marked the world's history, He has never found it necessary, either to modify or repeal a single general principle; nor have any of his laws become obsolete. He is the Author of the Jewish code, and of the Abrahamic institutions, and has repealed and altered them as was best.

  The Bible constitutes, in fact, the only perfect charter of civil liberty, and standard of social rights and duties; it is the Magna Charta of the world. No human legislator has ever yet been able to devise a single feature of law, possessing any value, either in the moral or municipal departments, that cannot be directly traced to some one or more of the elementary principles made known to us in the Bible. The municipal code of the Jewish Theocracy, when compared with the legislation of modern nations, must be recognized, at once, as the original fountain from whence we have derived nearly all our notions of judicial policy. It has been the chief business of law-makers, in civilized nations, to select, collate, and modify particular features of that code, so as to make them conform to existing relations and habits of those for whom they are designed to be remodeled.

  If the authority of civil governments is derived from the will of God, as constituting a distinct feature of his moral administration for the race -- if the Bible comprises a full outline of the rights and duties of communities, as well as of individuals, and if it be true, as He has declared it to be, that civil governments are "His ministers for good," -- "revengers to execute wrath upon him that doeth evil," -- the conclusion is absolutely irresitible, that they are bound by obligations of the deepest solemnity, to carry out, and enforce, by adequate penalities, the pure and unadulterated law of God concerning the social state, to the full extent of their ability. Yet, as no human government possesses the attribute of omniscience, God has reserved to himself the right of judging the heart; and He has left to the civil magistrate the single duty of influencing or restraining the conduct. Take, as an example, the sin of lewdness. The law of God, looking at the heart as the source and fountain of the evil, prohibits, as well the indulgence of an impure desire, as the gratification of lust; while the civil magistrate is necessarily confined to the prevention, or punishment of impure and injurious action. This is a distinction which results from the incapacity of the civil power; and it runs through the whole catalogue of sin. Man judges from the external appearance; but God knoweth the heart.

  Although civil government was never designed to exercise its coercive powers in reference to matters that are purely spiritual; yet, as it is always composed of individuals who are personally accountable to God for all the influences which they exert, and as those influences are greatly increased by the position which they occupy, it is clearly their duty to acknowledge their subordination to the divine appointment, and their obligation to the entire will of Jehovah. "Execute judgment beween a man and his neighbor" -- "Execute judgment in the morning," -- "Be wise; kiss the Son." -- Ps. 2.

  No man should ever be ELECTED TO OFFICE, therefore, who is either immoral, -- "Take ye wise men," etc. -- or who does not acknowledge that God is the universal Governor, and that all men are bound, individually, as well as collectively, to obey his will, however manifested, whether in the constitution of things, or by direct revelation. God has said, that when the wicked bare rule, the people mourn. Legislators, in constructing a system of laws for the guidance of the people, and for the direction of the executive and judicial departments, are bound to see that it will not only accord in all its parts with the divine economy, but that it will operate efficiently, so far as is practicable, to compel obedience to the entire will of Jehovah, on all matters that concern the social stale. "He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God." -- "And they shall rule the people with just judgment." As the will of God can be more perfectly learned from the Bible than any other source, it is equally their duty to see that the people at large enjoy appropriate means of reading the Holy Scriptures, in order that they may accurately understand the measure of their duty, and the nature of their rights. They cannot otherwise discharge the one or protect the other. Religious knowledge is absolutely essential to civil liberty. The intelligently religious, infidelity herself being judge, have proved themselves, in every age of the world, to be the inexorable foes of tyranny, and the most staunch advocates of rational freedom. Nor are the judicial and executive departments exempt from a single responsibility. As the interpreters and executors of law, they are bound to give it that construction which will best accord with the constitution of things, and with the divine requirements of righteousness and truth.

  If communities are held responsible by God in their national capacities, for national acts, in the same manner as individuals, it follows, that they are bound, on all suitable occasions, publicly to recognize their dependence and accountability, and gratefully to invoke the continuance of his providential care and protection. They have no right, upon any other principle, to exemption from those terrible means of national chastisement, war, pestilence, and famine.

  The conduct of Benjamin Franklin, in the American Congress, in proposing a solemn and public act of devotion and prayer, when that body was afflicted by the distraction of its councils, was not less philosophical and prudent, than it was needful and appropriate. While civil governments are administered upon the principles here indicated, it is obvious that, inasmuch as their acts are commended to the public conscience, they will find little difficulty in securing the respect and confidence of the good, and the fear, if not the obedience, of those who are inclined to be vicious. Such a course of administration will cultivate, in the community, an increasing sense of obligation, and tend to the diminuation of crime.--pp. 59-60.

  ... A man cannot violate a single law of the Decalogue without, in some way, withholding from the community a vested right, or inflicting upon his fellows a prohibited injury; and for doing either of which he may be justly called to answer at the bar of civil justice as well as at the bar of God. Why should a man be permitted?no matter whether he be an outlaw or a madman?to bring upon himself or his country ignorance, or disgrace, or want, or misery, or chains, or death ? Shall a man, merely because he delights in mischief, or is insensible to the claims of duty, be permitted, without rebuke, to scatter a pestilence, to tear down our dwellings, or sport with innocence, betray confidence, calumniate his neighbor, or wallow in drunkenness ? By no means. The community have a right to expect, and require that every man should do his whole duty. Hence every government has a right to pass all such needful laws as are best adapted to secure the prevalence of order, peace, sobriety, temperance, morality, and virtue among its subjects, by restraining all from following injurious courses of action, and by commanding them to do that which is right, and best calculated to promote the welfare of men and the glory of God.

  ... So long as Christians can be beguiled with the foolish notion that men cannot be restrained by the civil arm from the outward violation of The First Table of the Decalogue, we may be perfectly sure that the devil, while he laughs at their timidity, will find no great difficulty in convincing the rest of the world that there is no sin in violating The Second. But these outward violations of the first table are as much a sin against society, as are the sins of stealing or murder; and as men will not be restrained from such sins by a law whose penalties relate mainly to a future world, they must be met by one that can be both seen and felt in the present life. Let it not be said that we claim that civil governments have a right to control the conscience : we say no such thing. We cannot compel men to love God, or to hate sin : and we must therefore leave them as free as God has left them, either to love him, and go to Heaven, or hate him, and go to Hell. All we say is, that men who choose to hate God and encounter his eternal vengeance, must be restrained from dragging others with them. We must prevent them from all such open violations of Christian and public duty as are calculated to injure others, either as to their temporal rights and duties, or as to those things that are purely spiritual. Without this, the civil arm is comparatively worthless.--pp. 152-153.

• The Immigrant's good samaritan. [New York (N.Y.)] : D. Fanshaw, 1848.

Disclaimer: Knapp is known to have been associated with Freemasonry. Learn more about Knapp here.

• Biographical Sketches of Eminent Lawyers, Statesmen, and Men of Letters

American general. Learn more about Knox here, here, and here.

• James Thacher. A Military Journal during the American revolutionary war, from 1775 to 1783: describing interesting events and transactions of the period, with Numerous Historical Facts and Anecdotes, from the Original Manuscript. To which is Added an Appendix, Containing Biographical Sketches of Several General Officers. Boston, 1823. 601 pp.. Second edition, revised and corrected here. Boston: Cottons & Barnard, 1827. 487 pages.

  On General Henry Knox: General Knox was a supporter of christian institutions, and contributed much, by his liberality and his example, to promote the preaching of the gospel. It always appeared to afford him the highest pleasure to bear testimony to the excellence of Christianity, and he often expressed his firm belief that its exalted principles were intended to correct the heart, and to purify the life; to make man what he ought to be in this world, and to prepare him for the more elevated enjoyments of the future. He most firmly believed in the immortality, and the immateriality of the soul.

  From his reflections on religion, committed by him to paper, it is evident that his thoughts were often and intensely employed on the all important concerns of a future state of existence; that he firmly believed in an overruling Providence, and that he was created and sustained by its power and goodness. He considered the order, harmony and beauty of creation, as affording the most convincing proof of wisdom and design. He thought the universal distribution of blessings among mankind, furnished conclusive evidence of the goodness of the Being from whose bounty they flow. But it was a subject on which he reasoned for himself, unfettered by the arrogant dogmas of the churchmen, or the metaphysical subtleties of the schools. He expressed exalted pleasure in the full conviction, that the arm of Almighty Power was extended for the protection of the whole family of man, without respect to Jew or Gentile. The exclusive pretensions of the various sects and denominations in the church, he considered the fruits of human invention, and altogether unworthy the wisdom of the Almighty Mind. -- p. 466.

Presbyterian minister. Read about Knox here, here and from The educational views and influence of Samuel Knox, a dissertation by Ashley Foster, Thesis (Ph. D.)--New York University, 1951.

• The Scriptural Doctrine of Future Punishment Vindicated in a discourse from these words, "And these shall go away into everlasting punishment, but the righteous into life eternal." Math. XXV, & 46th.: To which are prefixed some prefatory strictures on the lately avowed religious principles of Joseph Priestley, L.L.D.F.R.S. &c. &c. Particularly in a discourse delivered by him in the church of the Universalists, in Philadelphia, and published in 1796. --Entitled: "Unitarianism explained and defended" &c. George-Town [D.C.] : Printed by Green, English, & Co., 1797 (25, [1], 23, [1] pp.)
• An Essay on the Best System of Liberal Education, adapted to the genius of the government of the United States. Comprehending also, an uniform, general plan for instituting and conducting public schools, in this country, on principles of the most extensive utility. To which is prefixed, an address to the legislature of Maryland on that subject. Baltimore-- Printed by Warner & Hanna, Harrison street, 1799. 173, iv pp. 22 cm.
  • To George Washington from Samuel Knox, 10 October 1798
• A Funeral Oration Commemorative of the illustrious virtues of the late great and good General Washington; the father of his country; and the friend of man delivered to a respectable congregation of the citizens of Fredericktown, on Saturday the twenty-second of February, 1800.--Agreeable to the proclamations of the president of the United States and the governor of Maryland--a copy of which was requested for publication by the audience. Fredericktown [Md.]: Printed by Matthias Bartgis, at his English and German printing-office, in Market Street, 1800. ([2], 25, [1] pp.)
• Jefferson's notes on the state of Virginia with the appendixes--complete. To which is subjoined, a sublime and argumentative dissertation on Mr. Jefferson's religious principles.Baltimore: Printed by W. Pechin, corner of Water & Gay-Streets., 1800. (194,53,[3],21,[3] pp.,[1] leaf).
• A Vindication of the religion of Mr. Jeffersonand a statement of his services in the cause of religious liberty. By a friend to real religion. Baltimore: printed for the editor of the American, by W. Pechin, [1800]. 21,[3] pp.
• An Essay on the means of improving public education adopted in the United States. Frederick-Town [Mo.]: Printed by John B. Colvin, 1803, 14 pp.
• A Discourse on the present state of education in Maryland delivered before the honorable the General Assembly, on Thursday the 31st of December, 1807. Baltimore [Md.]: Printed by Warner & Hanna, 1808, 20 pp.

  THE proper Educationof Youth is the command of God; the dictate of nature; and the best foundation for the just observance of those Laws which are necessary for the well being of society.
  To prove and illustrate the importance of public education, in these three views of the subject, is what is chiefly proposed in the following Discourse.
  In the first place, the proper Education of Youth is the command of God.
  The whole tenour of divine Revelation; as well as the particular words of the text, proves the truth of this proposition.
  The whole economy of nature, throughout the physical as well as the rational and moral world, tends to shew that it's great and Almighty Author designed that Man should be trained up to virtue and knowledge, by a course of progressive improvement.
  Those powers of the understanding and conscience, with which we are so peculiarly favoured by the Creator prove this interesting truth: and throughout the sacred volume, those who improve these to the utmost possible extent for his glory, and their own happiness, are exhibited as making the nearest approaches to Deity; and also as being the peculiar objects of his love and regard. And, on the other hand, such as neglect or despise the culture of these endowments, are exhibited as the Enemies of God; and but little removed from; and not seldom, sunk below, the 'Brutes that perish.'"

• A Discourse, delivered in the 2d. Presbyterian Church in the city of Baltimore, on Thursday, the 20th of August, 1812, being the day appointed by the President of the United States, for national humiliation and prayer: together with the other purposes recommended in the proclamation: published by particular request of the military corps that attended on that occasion, and several respectable members, also, of the congregation. Baltimore [Md.] : Printed by William Warner, 1812. 32 pp.; 21 cm.
• A Compendious system of rhetoric arranged in a catechetical form: and abstracted from Blair, Holmes, Stirling &c. and the best authors on that art , Baltimore [Md.]: Printed for the author by Swain & Matchett, 1809, 124 pp.

  ---

  Kynett, Alpha (1829-1899)

  Learn more about Kynett here

• The Religion of the Republic, and laws of religious corporations: A Treatise on the American social structure, civil and religious: being a concise statement of the relations of the states of the union to the federal government, constituting the United States of America, and of the relations of the Christian religion to each and all: together with the laws of the several states concerning religious societies, corporations, title-deeds, wills, etc., and forms in harmony with the laws. Cincinnati: Cranston & Curts; New York: Hunt & Eaton, 1895. xxiii, 852 pp.; 22 cm.

French Roman Catholic apologist. Priest. Philosopher. Read more about Abbé Lamennais here, and here.

• [English translation of Paroles d'un Croyant.] Words of a believer Indeed, with the single exception of the gifted Chateaubriand, our author may be considered as standing alone, in avowing himself to be alike the friend of Christianity, and of civil liberty. In the bloody scenes of the first revolution of France, the cause of Freedom suffered, because the frightful horrors of a fierce and lawless democracy which profaned the holy name of liberty were identified with the cause of infidelity. But true freedom has no alliance with infidelity. Rational liberty will ever find her best support in the mild, the benevolent, and equitable principles of Christianity. To this great truth, the eyes of the Abbe de la Mennais have been opened by an observation of the melancholy fact presented in the history of his own beautiful country, that successful revolutions do not always result in the establishment of liberty. He has discovered that it is not sufficient merely that men should deliver themselves from wrong and oppression; but they must also on principle learn themselves not to oppress others in their turn; they must do to others as they would have others do to them ; and thus the simple principle of mutual love, of kindness between man and man, so beautifully illustrated in the gospel, has brought him to the true secret of human liberty.--Preface, Dec. 9, 1834, pp. x, xi.

  WHEREFORE do ye weary yourselves in vain in your misery ? Your desire is good, but ye know not how to accomplish it.

  Hold first this maxim : He alone who hath given life, can alone restore it.

  Ye will find success in nothing, without the help of God.

  Turn yourselves from side to side upon your beds of anguish: what consolation have ye found ?

  Ye have overthrown some tyrants, and others have risen up, worse than the first.

  Ye have abolished the laws of slavery, and ye have had the laws of blood, and now again ye have the laws of slavery.

  Distrust ye, then, the men who stand between God and you, for their shadow only hides him from you. These men have evil designs.

  For from God cometh the power which delivers; because from God cometh the love which unites.

  What can a man do for you, who has no rule but his own thoughts, no law but his own will.

  Even admit him to act in good faith, and to desire nothing evil, still must be give you his will for law, and his thought for a rule.

  Hence tyrants do no more than this.

  It is not worth while to overturn all and to be exposed to all, merely to substitute one tyranny for another.

  Liberty consisteth not in this, that this one should rule in place of that one, but that none should tyrannize.

  But inasmuch as God reigneth not himself, it is necessary that some man should rule, and this has always been plainly seen. / The reign of God, I tell you again, is the reign of justice in the soul, and of love in the heart; and on earth, this reign hath its foundation in faith toward God, and faith in Christ who hath promulgated the law of God, the law of love, and the law of justice.

  The law of justice teacheth that all are equal before their Father, who is God, and before their Master, who is Christ.

  The law of love teaches men to love and aid each other, as children of the same Father, and disciples of the same Master.

  And then they are free, because none commands another, unless he hath been freely chosen by all to command : and no one can take from them their liberty; because all are united to defend it.

  But those who say unto you: "Before us, no one knew what justice was justice cometh not from God, but from man; confide in us, and we will make a justice which will satisfy you:"

  Such men deceive you; or, if they sincerely promise you liberty, they deceive themselves.

  For they ask of you to acknowledge them for masters; and so your liberty would be nothing more than obedience to these new masters.

  Say ye, therefore, unto them, that your master is Christ; that you wish not for any other, and Christ will make you free. --pp 178-181

Clergyman. Read more about Langdon here.

• The Co-incidence of natural with revealed religion. A Sermon at the annual lecture instituted in Harvard College by the last will and testament of the Honorable Paul Dudley, Esq; delivered November 1, 1775. By Samuel Langdon, D.D. president of Harvard College. [Three lines from Acts] Boston: Printed by Samuel Hall, in School-Street, 1776. 26, [2] pp. ; 8⁰ Also here.
• A Discourse on the unity of the church as a monumental pillar of the truth: designed to reconcile Christians of all parties and denominations in charity and fellowship, as one body in Christ: delivered before an association of ministers convened at Portsmouth, October 12, 1791, and in substance repeated at a lecture in Hampton Falls, January 26, 1792. / By Samuel Langdon, D.D. Minister of the Gospel in Hampton Falls, in the state of New Hampshire; [Two lines from 1 Corinthians]. Printed at Exeter [N.H.]: by Henry Ranlet, and sold at his office in Main-Street, 1792. 30, [2] pp.; 21 cm. (8vo)
• A Summary of Christian faith and practice; Being an attempt to exhibit the doctrines and precepts of the New-Testament in a concise and easy view, chiefly in Scriptural language, for the assistance of Christians of all denominations in recollecting the main articles of their common profession. In three parts. Containing part I. The capital articles of Christian faith. Part II. The apostolic doctrine of salvation by believing in Jesus Christ. Part III. The principal heads of evangelical duties. / Boston: New-England; Printed and sold by Kneeland and Adams, in Milk-Street, and J. Edwards, in Corn-Hill., 1768. 61, [3] pp.; 22 cm. (8vo)
• Samuel Langdon, Government Corrupted by Vice (1775). Evidence of the authenticity of America's Christian heritage.
• Government corrupted by vice, and recovered by righteousness: A Sermon preached before the honorable Congress of the colony of the Massachusetts-Bay in New England, assembled at Watertown, on Wednesday the 31st day of May, 1775. Being the anniversary fixed by charter for the election of counsellors. / By Samuel Langdon, D.D. president of Harvard College in Cambridge. [Two lines from Proverbs]. Watertown [Mass.]: Printed and sold by Benjamin Edes, 1775. 29, [3] pp.; 19 cm. (12mo)

  "We must keep our eyes fixed on the supreme government of the ETERNAL KING, as directing all events, setting up or pulling down the kings of the earth at His pleasure, suffering the best forms of human government to degenerate and go to ruin by corruption; or restoring the decayed constitutions of kingdoms and states, by reviving public virtue and religion, and granting the favorable interpositions of His providence. To this our text leads us; and though I hope to be excused on this occasion from a formal discourse on the words in a doctrinal way, yet I must not wholly pass over the religious instruction contained in them.

  "Let us consider--that for the sins of a people God may suffer the best government to be corrupted, or entirely dissolved; and that nothing but a general reformation can give ground to hope that the public happiness will be restored, by the recovery of the strength and perfection of the state, and that Divine Providence will interpose to fill every department with wise and good men."

• Samuel Langdon, The Republic of the Israelites an Example to the American States (1788) .
• The Republic of the Israelites an example to the American states: A Sermon, preached at Concord, in the state of New Hampshire; before the Honorable General Court at the annual election. June 5, 1788. / By Samuel Langdon, D.D. Pastor of the church in Hampton-Falls. Exeter [N.H.] : Printed by Lamson and Ranlet, M,DCC,LXXXVII. [1788] 48 pp.; 20 cm. (4to and 8vo)

  ... That as God in the course of his kind providence hath given you an excellent constitution of government, founded on the most rational, equitable, and liberal principles, by which all that liberty is secured which a people can reasonably claim, and you are impowered to make righteous laws for promoting public order and good morals; and as he has moreover given you by his Son Jesus Christ, who is far superior to Moses, a complete revelation of his will, and a perfect system of true religion, plainly delivered in the sacred writings; it will be your wisdom in the eyes of the nations, and your true interest and happiness, to conform your practice in the strictest manner to the excellent principles of your government, adhere faithfully to the doctrines and commands of the gospel, and practice every public and private virtue. By this you will increase in numbers, wealth, and power, and obtain reputation and dignity among the nations; whereas, the contrary conduct will make you poor, distressed, and contemptible.

  * Soon after this Sermon was delivered, the Convention of the State of New Hampshire, met according to adjournment, and on the twenty-first day of June accepted the proposed general Constitution of government. This being the ninth State which has acceded to this form of national Union, it will be carried into effect; and there is no reason to doubt of the speedy accession of all the other States, which are now debating on the important question. May all rejoice in the Lord, who has formed us into a nation, and honour him as our Judge, Lawgiver, and King, who hath saved us, and will save us from all enemies and fears, if we thankfully receive and rightly improve his great mercies.

• A Summary of Christian faith and practice: Being an attempt to exhibit the doctrines and precepts of the New-Testament in a concise and easy view, chiefly in Scriptural language, for the assistance of Christians of all denominations in recollecting the main articles of their common profession. In three parts. Containing part I. The capital articles of Christian faith. Part II. The apostolic doctrine of salvation by believing in Jesus Christ. Part III. The principal heads of evangelical duties. / By Samuel Langdon, D.D. Pastor of the First Church in Portsmouth in New-Hampshire; [Four lines from John]. Boston; New-England: Printed and sold by Kneeland and Adams, in Milk-Street, and J. Edwards, in Corn-Hill, MDCCLXVIII. 1768. 61, [3] pp.; 22 cm. (8vo)

Clergyman. Disclaimer: Lathrop was associated with Freemasonry.

• An Oration, Pronounced July 4, 1796, at the request of the inhabitants of the Town of Boston in Commemoration of the Anniversary of American Independence. Boston, Printed and Sold by Benjamin Edes, Kilby Street, 1796. 23 pp.
• Oration, in Celebration of the Peace, Happily Concluded Between the United States of America, and Great Britain; Delivered at Boston, March 16, 1815, at the Request of St. John's Lodge; and Sanctioned by the Most Worshipful Grand Master of Massachusetts. Boston: House, 1815. 24 pp.

Pastor of the Second Church in Boston, Massachusetts.

• A Discourse, Delivered in Boston, April 13, 1815, The Day of Thanksgiving Appointed by the President of the United States in Consequence of the Peace. Boston, Mass., J. W. Burditt, 1815. 27 pp. Text: 1 Chronicles 16:8-9. Also here.

Pastor of the First Church in West Springfield, Massachusetts. Read more about Lathrop here.

• A Sermon, preached in the First Parish in West-Springfield, December 14, MDCCLXXXVI,: being the day appointed by authority for a publick thanksgiving. / By Joseph Lathrop, A.M.; Published at the general desire of the hearers. Springfield, Mass.: Printed by John Russell, at his office, in Springfield, MDCCLXXXVII. [1787] 24 pp.; 19 cm. (4to)
• A Sermon, preached in the First Parish in West-Springfield, December 14, MDCCLXXXVI: being the day appointed by authority for a publick. Springfield, Mass, 1787. 22 pp.
• Christ's warning to the churches, to beware of false prophets: who come as wolves in sheep's clothing, and the marks by which they are known. Springfield, Mass, 1789. 46 pp.
• Christ's Warning to the churches: to beware of false prophets, who come as wolves in sheep's clothing: and the marks by which they are known: illustrated in two discourses. / By Joseph Lathrop, A.M. Pastor of a church in West-Springfield; [Three lines from Peter]. Second Springfield edition, with an appendix and other enlargements. Springfield Mass.: Printed by Ezra Waldo Weld, M.DCC.XCI. [1791]. 54, [2] pp. ; 22 cm. (12mo)
• Christ's warning to the churches to beware of false prophets, who come as wolves in sheep's clothing: and the marks by which they are known: illustrated in two discourses with an appendix. 11th edition, revised, corrected, and much enlarged. Boston Isaiah Thomas, 1811. Boston: Samuel Avery. 117 pp.
• The Happiness of a free government, and the means of preserving it: illustrated in a Sermon, delivered in West-Springfield, on July 4, 1794, in commemoration of American independence! Springfield, Mass., James R. Hutchins, 1794. 21 pp.
  We are informed of only one government, which was framed under the immediate direction of heaven; and this was a republick. Monarchy was permitted, but never was instituted, by divine authority. The Jews had it, because they would have it. God prescribed for them a better government. The form which he prescribed was well adapted to their genius and circumstances; and, in its fundamental principles, was equally suitable for any other people. Among the privileges secured to them by their constitution, there was one, which might be considered as the foundation of all the rest; and is, indeed, the basis of all free government -- That their Rulers should be chosen by, and from among themselves.

  ...A PEOPLE under a free government will be happy, as long as they are virtuous and wise. They may become vicious and corrupt. They are then liable to be influenced by private connections, party spirit, bribery or flattery, promises or rewards, or the artifice and intrigue of crafty and designing men.
  When this is the case, they give up their security, lose their liberty, and sink into slavery.
  To frame and reform their own government, and to choose and change their own governors, is the natural right of mankind; but a right which few nations have the happiness to enjoy, or the boldness to claim. These American states are now in the full possession and free exercise of this right; and may they ever have the wisdom to retain it.

• National Happiness: illustrated in a Sermon, delivered at West-Springfield, on the nineteenth of February, 1795, being a day of General Thanksgiving . Springfield, 1795. 17 pp.
• God's Challenge to Infidels to defend their cause: Illustrated and applied in a Sermon, delivered in West-Springfield, May 4, 1797: Being the day of general fast, . West-Springfied [sic] Mass.: Printed by Edward Gray, 1797. 36 pp.; 19 cm.
• Steadfastness in religion, explained and recommended in a Sermon, delivered, in the First parish in West-Springfield. West-Springfield, [Mass.], 1797. 30 pp.
• A Sermon, on the dangers of the times: from infidelity and immorality; and especially from a lately discovered conspiracy against religion and government: delivered at West-Springfield, and afterward at Springfield. . Springfield, Mass.: Printed by Francis Stebbins, September--1798. 24 pp.; 22 cm. (8vo)
• Ministers set for the defence of the gospel, and how they are to defend it: a Sermon, delivered at Harvard, June 3, 1801, at the ordination of the Rev. Stephen Bemis, to the care of the Congregational Church and Society in that place. Harvard, Mass., printed by Luthor Parker, 1801. 32 pp.
• The Works of God in relation to the church in general, and our own land in particular, especially in the last century: considered in a Sermon. Springfield, Mass., 1801. 25 pp.
• The Constancy and uniformity of the divine government: illustrated and improved in a Sermon, preached in Springfield, April 7, 1803, which was a Day of Public Fasting and Prayer. Springfield, Mass., [1803]. 20 pp.
• The Infirmities and Comforts of Old Age: a Sermon to aged people. 2nd ed. Springfield, Mass.: H. Brewer, printer, 1806. 14 pp.
• Sermon on The Infirmities and Comforts of Old Age. Introduction by David Barton.
• Illustrations and reflections on the story of Saul's consulting the witch of Endor: a discourse delivered at West-Springfield / by Joseph Lathrop. . 2nd ed. Springfield, Mass.: Henry Brewer, 1806. 16 pp.
• An Aged minister defending his people to God: a half century Sermon, delivered August 26, 1806. Springfield Mass.: Henry Brewer, 1806. 20 pp.
• A Sermon containing reflections on the solar eclipse, which appeared on June 16, 1806: Delivered on the Lord's Day following. Springfield, Mass.: Henry Brewer, 1806. 16 pp.
• Sermon Containing Reflections on a Solar Eclipse. Introduction by David Barton.
• The Importance of female influence in the support of religion: Sermon delivered to a charitable female association in West-Springfield, May 15, 1810. Springfield, Mass.: Printed by Thomas Dickman, 1810. 15 p.; 21 cm.
• A View of the doctrines and duties of the Christian religion; In fortynine discourses on St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians: with a preliminary discourse on the evidences of the gospel, especially those derived from the conversion, ministry and writings of that apostle. First edition. Worcester, Mass.: Isaiah Thomas, 1801. 616 pp.; 21 cm.
• A View of the doctrines and duties of the Christian religion; In fortynine discourses on St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians: with a preliminary discourse on the evidences of the gospel, especially those derived from the conversion, ministry and writings of that apostle. Second edition, revised and corrected. Worcester, Mass.: Isaiah Thomas, 1810. 597 pp.; 21 cm.
• The Prophecy of Daniel, relating to the time of the end: opened, applied and improved, in two discourses, delivered on a publick fast, April 11,. Springfield, Mass., 1811. 31 pp.
• Compendious History of the Late War; Containing an Account of All the Important Battles and Many of the Smaller Actions Between the American, and the British Forces, and Indians, in the Years 1811, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1815. Boston: J. W. Burditt, 1815. 30 pp.
• The Wisdom and importance of winning souls to righteousness: two Sermons delivered in the First Parish of West-Springfield, by Joseph Lathrop, D. Springfield, Mass., 1816. 22 pp.

Irish historian. Read about Lecky here.

• With Woodburn, James Albert, 1856-1943. The American Revolution, 1763-1783: being the chapters and passages relating to America from the author's History of England in the eighteenth century. New York; London: D. Appleton and Co., 1922. xxvi, 518 pp.; 19 cm.
• Works, text-searchable.

Minister.

• The origin and ends of civil government: with reflections on the distinguished happiness of the United States: A Sermon, preached before His Excellency Samuel Huntington, Esq. L.L.D. governor, and the Honorable General Assembly of the state of Connecticut, at Hartford, on the day of the anniversary election, May 14, 1795. / By Andrew Lee, A.M. Pastor of the North Church in Lisbon Hartford: Printed by Hudson and Goodwin, MDCCXCV. [1795]. 38, [2] pp.; 24 cm. (8vo)

Statesman. Read more about Lee here and here.

• James Curtis Ballagh, editor. The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, Vol. 1. 1762-1778. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1912.
• James Curtis Ballagh, editor. The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, Vol. 2. 1762-1778. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914.
  Letter to Samuel Adams, March 14. 1785: "And I think that the Christian philosophy, in tenderness for human infirmities strongly inculcates principles of mutual forgiveness and benevolence. These reflections have been created in my mind by that kind of exultation " beyond meas ure," which you so wisely deprecate, and which I have seen so much to prevail as to injure in my idea that greatness of character, which had dignified America in her resistence to British Tyranny." Letter to Colonel Mortin Pickett, March 5, 1786: "It is certainly true that a popular government cannot flourish without virtue in the people, and it is as true that knowledge is a principal source of virtue ; these facts render the establishment of schools, for the instruction of youth, a fundamental concern in all free communities. I wish that it had been made a primary duty of the legislature, by our constitution, as it has been wisely done by some of the states in this union. Such establishments will be the surest means of perpet uating our free forms of government, for, when men are taught to know, and well to understand, the great inherent rights of human nature, they will take care not to suffer the hands of vice, of violence, or of ignorance, to rob them of such inestimable blessings." p. 411.
  To the American minister to England, October the 24th 1785: "It is imagined that before any thing is done in this business by the Bishops of England, that they will consult the King and Ministry; who it is apprehended may now, as heretofore, suppose that any step of the kind being taken in England, might be considered here as an officious intermeddling with our affairs that would give offence on this side the water Should this be the case the Church of England Members in Congress have the greatest reliance on your liberal regard for the religious rights of all men, that you will remove mistaken scruples from the mind of administration, by representing how perfectly consonant it is with our Revolution principles professed thro-out all the States, that every denomination of Christians has a right to pursue its own religious modes, interfering not with others. That instead of giving offence it must give content, by evidencing a friendly disposition to accommodate the people here who are of the Church in question. In proof of this, Congress did lately shew their attention to the accommodation of this class of Christians, by communicating to the different Executives your information from the Danish Minister of that King's willingness so to facilitate the business of ordination for our church And the Assembly of Virginia hath incorporated this Society Under which Act of incorporation the Convention was held in that State that sent both Lay and Clerical deputies to the General Convention lately held in Philadelphia."
• Memoir of the Life of Richard Henry Lee, and his correspondence with the most distinguished men in America and Europe, illustrative of their characters, and of the events of the American revolution. Philadelphia, H.C. Carey and I. Lea, 1825. 2 v. front. (port.) 22 cm. Volume 1 of 2. Volume 2 of 2. Volume 2 also here.
  "I have seen it observed by a great writer, that Christianity, by introducing into Europe the truest principles of humanity, universal benevolence, and brotherly love, had happily abolished civil slavery. Let us, who profess the same religion, practise its precepts; and by agreeing to this duty, convince the world that we know and practise our true interests, and that we pay a proper regard to the dictates of justice and humanity!" From Vol. I, p. 19, the first speech of Richard Henry Lee in the House of Burgesses of Virginia.
• National Gazette. Richard Henry Lee. Daily National Intelligencer (Washington, DC) Thursday, October 13, 1825; Issue 3971; col C. Biographical memoir.

Lawyer and politician. Read more about Leigh here and here.

• Speech of Mr. Leigh, of Virginia, on Mr. Benton's motion to expunge from the journal of the Senate the resolution of March 28, 1834. Washington, D.C., 1836. 29 pp. "The English translation of the Bible is one of the best authorities we have in the language for the meaning, propriety, and purity of words and phrases. It is 'the well of English undefiled'."
• Speech of the Hon. Mr. Leigh, of Virginia, on the expunging resolution: delivered in the Senate of the United States, on Monday, April 4, 1836. Washington, D.C., 1836. 31 pp.

• The divine mission of Jesus Christ evident from his life, and from the nature and tendency of his doctrines. A Sermon preached at Stamford. New-Haven, 1796. 28 pp.
• The political advantages of godliness: A Sermon, preached before His Excellency the Governor, and the honorable legislature of the state of Connecticut. Hartford, 1797. 30 pp.

See President Lincoln's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

American Revolutionary War general. Learn more about Lincoln here and here.

• James Thacher. A Military Journal during the American revolutionary war, from 1775 to 1783: describing interesting events and transactions of the period, with Numerous Historical Facts and Anecdotes, from the Original Manuscript. To which is Added an Appendix, Containing Biographical Sketches of Several General Officers. Boston, 1823. 601 pp. Second edition, revised and corrected here. Boston: Cottons & Barnard, 1827. 487 pages.

  On Major General Benjamin Lincoln: "Religion exerted its full influence over the mind and conduct of General Lincoln. He was a Christian of the Antisectarian, Catholic, or liberal sect. He was firm in his faith, serious and aflectionate in his piety, without superstition, fanaticism or austerity. He was from early manhood a communicant, and for a great part of his life a deacon of the church. He never shunned an avowal of his belief, nor feared to appear what he was, nor permitted the reality of his convictions to remain in doubt. --p. 409.

• Observations on the climate, soil and value of the eastern counties, in the District of Maine: written in the year 1789. Copy of a letter from the Hon. General Lincoln, on the religious state of the eastern counties of the District of Maine. 142-156 leaves; 23 cm.
• On the Religious State of the Eastern Counties.

Clergyman. President pro tem of Rutgers. Read more about Linn here and here.

• Serious Considerations on the Election of a President: Addressed to the citizens of the United States. Trenton: Printed by Sherman, Mershon & Thomas, M,DCC. [1800]. 31, [1] pp.; 21 cm. (8vo)

Episcopalian, Presbyterian. Delegate from New Jersey. Read about Livingston here, here, here and here.

• The other side of the question: or, A defence of the liberties of North-America. In answer to a late Friendly address to all reasonable Americans. New-York, M,DCC,LXXIV. [1774]. 29 pp.
• Philip Livingston. From A Biography of the signers of the Declaration of independence: and of Washington and Patrick Henry. With an appendix, containing the Constitution of the United States and other documents, Volume 2 of 2. J. Dobson, and Thomas, Cowperthwait & co., 1839.

Governor of New Jersey during the American Revolution. Read more about Livingston here, here, here and here.

• A Letter to the Right Reverend Father in God, John, Lord Bishop of Landaff; occasioned by some passages in His Lordship's Sermon, on the 20th of February, 1767, in which the American colonies are loaded with great and undeserved reproach. / By William Livingston. New-York: Printed for the author; and to be sold by Garrat Noel, near the coffee-house, MDCCLXVIII. [1768]. [4], 25, [1] pp.; 20 cm. (8vo)
• The Independent Reflector: or, Weekly essays on sundry important subjects: More particularly adapted to the province of New-York. New-York: Printed (until tyrannically suppressed), in MDCCLIII [i.e., 1754] [4], 31, [1] pp.; 29 cm. (fol.)
• Some serious thoughts on the design of erecting a college in the province of New-York: Shewing the eminent advantages of a liberal education, more especially with regard to religion and politicks. Humbly offered to the publick, for the encouragement of so useful an undertaking. / By Hippocrates Mithridate. Apoth.; [Three lines of quotations] New-York: Printed by John Zenger, MDCCXLIX. [1749]. [5], 9 pp.

English philosopher. Learn more about Locke here and from his entry in this list of scientists of Christian faith.

• A Letter Concerning Toleration.
  
  The third edition. 1743. 77, [3] p. 18 cm. (12mo)
  "Honored Sir,
  Since you are pleased to enquire what are my thoughts about the mutual toleration of Christians in their different professions of religion, I must needs answer you freely, that I esteem that toleration, or liberty to think and act for themselves in matters of religion, to be the chief characteristical mark of the true church. For whatsoever some people boast of the antiquity of places and names, or of the pomp of their outward worship; others, of the reformation of their discipline; all, of the orthodoxy of their faith: these things, and all others of this nature, are much rather marks of men striving for power and empire over one another, than of the Church of Christ. Let any one have never to true a claim to all these things, yet if he be destitute of charity, meekness, and goodwill in general towards all mankind, even to those that are not Christians, he is certainly yet short of being a true Christian himself. Luke 22:25."
  • The Fourth edition. 1764. vii, 8-77, [3] p. 18 cm. (8vo)
  • The fourth edition. 1788. [Three lines from Price] vi, [1], 8-71, [1] p. 19 cm. (4to)
  • 1796 edition. J. Brook, 1796. Text searchable.
• A Collection of several pieces of Mr. John Locke, Never before printed, or not extant in his Works. Publish'd by the author of the life of the ever-memorable Mr. John Hales, &c. London, M.DCC.XX. [1720]. 438 pp.
• A Collection of several pieces of Mr. John Locke, Publish'd by Mr. Desmaizeaux, under the direction of Anthony Collins, Esq. London, 1739. 136 pp.
• Thomas Cooke, editor. The Works of John Locke. Ninth edition. London, Printed for T. Longman, B. Law and Son, J. Johnson, C. Dilly, G.G. and J. Robinson, T. Cadell, J. Sewell, W. Otridge, W. Richardson, F. and C. Rivington, W. Goldsmith, T. Payne, Leigh and Sotheby, S. Hayes, R. Faulder, B. and J. White, W. Lowndes, G. and T. Wilkie, and J. Walker, 1794. 9 volumes, front. (port.) 23 cm. Volume 1 of 9. 590 pp. Volume 1. Preface to the works. Life of the author. An analysis of Mr. Locke's doctrine of ideas. An essay concerning human understanding, to the end of Book III, Chap. VI.
  • Thomas Cooke, editor. The Works of John Locke. Ninth edition. Volume 2 of 9. 492 pp. Volume 2. An essay concerning human understanding concluded. Defence of Mr. Locke's opinion concerning personal identity. Of the conduct of the understanding. Some thoughts concerning reading and study for a gentleman. Elements of natural philosophy. A new method of a common-place-book.
  • Thomas Cooke, editor. The Works of John Locke. Ninth edition. Volume 3 of 9. 498 pp. Volume 3. A letter to the Right Rev. Edward Lord Bishop of Worcester, concerning Mr. Locke's Essay of human understanding. Mr. Locke's reply. An answer to Remarks upon an Essay concerning human understanding. Mr. Locke's reply to the Bishop of Worcester's answer to his second Letter.
  • Thomas Cooke, editor. The Works of John Locke. Ninth edition. Volume 4 of 9. 495 pp. Volume 4. Some considerations of the consequences of lowering the interest, and raising the value of money. Short observations on a printed paper, entitled, 'for encouraging the coining silver money in England, and after, for keeping it here'. Further considerations concerning raising the value of money. Two treatises of government.
  • Thomas Cooke, editor. The Works of John Locke. Ninth edition. Volume 5 of 9. 585 pp. Volume 5. A letter concerning toleration, being a translation of the Epistola de tolerantia. A second letter concerning toleration. A third letter for toleration. A fourth letter for toleration.
  • Thomas Cooke, editor. The Works of John Locke. Ninth edition. Volume 6 of 9. 429 pp. Volume 6. The Reasonableness of Christianity. A vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity, from Mr. Edward's Reflectons. A second vindication.
  • Thomas Cooke, editor. The Works of John Locke. Ninth edition. Volume 7 of 9. 447 pp. Volume 7. A paraphrase and notes on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Galatians, I and II Corinthians, Romans, and Ephesians; to which is prefixed an Essay for the understanding of St. Paul's Epistles, by consulting St. Paul himself.
  • Thomas Cooke, editor. The Works of John Locke. Ninth edition. Volume 8 of 9. 479 pp. Volume 8. Some thoughts concerning education. An examination of P. Malebranche's opinion of seeing all things in God. A discourse of miracles. Memoirs relating to the life of Anthony, first Earl of Shaftsbury. Some familiar letters between Mr. Locke, and several of his friends.
  • Thomas Cooke, editor. The Works of John Locke. Ninth edition. Volume 9 of 9. 577 pp. Volume 9. Continuation of familiar letters between Mr. Locke, and several of his friends. [Miscellaneous letters and pieces]
  • Works. Text-searchable, from The Online Library of Liberty.
• The Reasonableness of Christianity, as deliver'd in the scriptures. To which is added, a first and second vindication of the same; from some Exceptions and Reflections in a Treatise by the Rev. Mr. Edwards, Intitled, Some Thoughts Concerning the Several Causes and Occasions of Atheism, especially in the present Age. The sixth edition. London: Printed for A. Bettesworth and C. Hitch, in Petermoster-Row; J. Pemberton, against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-street; and E. Symon, in Cornhill, 1736. 296 pp. Extracts here.

  242. Though yet, if any one should think, that out of the saying of the wise heathens, before Our Saviour's time, there might be a collection made of all these rules of morality, which are to be found in the Christian religion; yet this would not at all hinder, but that the world, nevertheless, stood as much in need of Our Savior, and the morality delivered by him. Let it be granted (though not true) that all the moral precepts of the gospel were known by some body or other, amongst mankind, before. But where, or how, or of what use, is not considered.

  ... But such a body of Ethics, proved to be the law of nature, from principles of reason, and reaching all the duties of life, I think nobody will say the world had before Our Saviour's time. 'Tis not enough, that there were up and down scattered sayings of wise men, conformable to right reason. The law of nature, was the law of convenience too; and 'tis no wonder that those men of parts, and studious virtue (who had occasion to think on any particular part of it), should by meditation light on the right, even from the observable convenience and beauty of it, without making out its obligation from the true principles of the law of nature, and foundations of morality. But these incoherent apophthegms of philosophers, and wise men, however excellent in themselves, and well intended by them, could never make a morality, whereof the world could be convinced; could never rise to the force of a law that mankind could with certainty depend on. Whatsoever should thus be universally useful, as a standard to which men should conform their manners, must have its authority either from reason or revelation. 'Tis not every writer of morals, or compiler of it from others, that can thereby be erected into a law-giver to mankind; and a dictator of rules, which are therefore valid, because they are to be found in his books, under the authority of this or that philosopher. He that any one will pretend to set up in this kind, and have his rules pass for authentic directions, must shew, that either he builds his doctrine upon principles of reason, self-evident in themselves, and that he deduces all the parts of it from thence, by clear and evident demonstration; or, must shew his commission from heaven, that he comes with authority from God, to deliver his will and commands to the world. In the former way, nobody that I know, before Our Saviour's time, ever did, or went about to give us a morality. Tis true, there is a law of nature: but who is there that ever did, or undertook to give it us all entire, as a law; no more nor no less, than what was contained in, and had the obligation of that law? Who, ever made out all the parts of it, put them together, and shewed the world their obligation? Where was there any such code, that mankind might have recourse to, as their unerring rule, before Our Saviour's time? If there was not, 'tis plain, there was need of one to give us such a morality; such a law, which might be the sure guide of those who had a desire to go right: and, if they had a mind, need not mistake their duty; but might be certain when they had performed, when failed in it. Such a law of morality, Jesus Christ hath given us in the New Testament; but by the latter of these ways, by revelation. We have from him a full and sufficient rule for our direction, and conformable to that of reason. But the truth and obligation of its precepts, have their force, and are put past doubt to us, by the evidence of his mission. He was sent by God: His miracles shew it; and the authority of God in his precepts cannot be questioned. Here morality has a sure standard, that revelation vouches, and reason cannot gainsay, nor question; but both together witness to come from God the great law-maker. And such an one as this out of the New Testament, I think the world never had, nor can any one say is any where else to be found. Let me ask any one, who is forward to think that the doctrine of morality was full and clear in the world, at Our Saviour's birth; whether would he have directed Brutus and Cassius (both men of parts and virtue, the one whereof believed, and the other disbelieved a future being), to be satisfied in the rules and obligations of all the parts of their duties; if they should have asked him where they might find the law, they were to live by, and by which they should be charged or acquitted, as guilty or innocent? If to the sayings of the wise, and the declarations of philosophers, he sends them into a wild wood of uncertainty, to an endless maze, from which they should never get out: if to the religions of the world, yet worse: and if to their own reason, he refers them to that which had some light and certainty; but yet had hitherto failed all mankind in a perfect rule; and we see, resolved not the doubts that had risen amongst the studious and thinking philosophers; nor had yet been able to convince the civilized parts of the world, that they had not given, nor could, without a crime, take away, the lives of their children, by exposing them....

  Editor, Works of John Locke, Ninth edition, 1793: "From one who knew so well how to direct the researches of the human mind, it was natural to expect that Christianity and the Scriptures would not be neglected, but rather hold the chief place in his inquiries. These were accordingly the object of his more mature meditations; which were no less successfully employed upon them, as may be seen in part above. His Reasonableness of Christianity, as delivered in the Scriptures, is a work that will richly repay the labour of being thoroughly studied, together with both its Vindications, by all those who desire to entertain proper notions concerning the pure, primitive plan of Christ's religion, as laid down by himself: where they will also meet with many just observations on our Saviour's admirable method of conducting it. Of this book, among other commendations, Limborch says, 'Plus verae 'Theologiae ex ill quam ex operotis multorum Systematibus haufiffe me ingenue fateor.' Lee. March 23, 1697."

• A Second Vindication of the reasonableness of Christianity, as deliver'd in the scriptures. By John Locke, Esq. The fifth edition. London: Printed for A. Bettesworth and C. Hitch, in Pater-noster Row; J. Pemberton, against St. Dunstand's Church in Fleet-street; and E. Symon, in Cornhill, 1736. 407 pp. Also issued as part of The Reasonableness of Christianity, sixth edition, 1748.
• Paraphrase and Notes upon the Epistles of St. Paul to the Galatians, I & II Corinthians, Romans, and Ephesians. To which is prefix'd, an essay for the understanding of St. Paul's Epistles, by consulting St. Paul Himself. By John Locke, Esq. The Fourth edition. London: Printed for A. Ward, S. Birt, T. Osborn, C. Hitch, J. Oswald, A. Millar, J. Hodges, J. Pemberton, F. Gosling, and T. Cooper. 1742. 423 pp. Editor, Works of John Locke, Ninth edition, 1793: "In his Paraphrase and Notes upon the epistles of St. Paul, how fully does our author obviate the erroneous doctrines (that of absolute reprobation in particular), which had been falsely charged upon the apostle! And to Mr. Locke's honour it should be remembered, that he was the first of our commentators who showed what it was to comment upon the apostolic writings; by taking the whole of an epistle together, and striking off every signification of every term foreign to the main scope of it; by keeping this point constantly in view, and carefully observing each return to it after any digression; by tracing out a strict though sometimes less visible, connexion in that very consistent writer, St. Paul; touching the propriety and pertinence of whose writings to their several subjects and occasions, he appears to have formed the most just conception, and thereby confessedly led the way to some of our best modern interpreters. Vide Pierce, pref. to Coloff. And Taylor on Rom. No. 60."
• History of Our Saviour, Jesus Christ; containing, in order of time, all the events and discourses recorded in the four evangelists, &c. With some short notes for the help of ordinary readers. London: Printed for W. Mears and F. Clay without Temple-Bar, and J. Hooke and T. Woodward in Fleetstreet, 1721. 325 pp.
• [Epistola de Tolerantia. English.] A Letter concerning toleration. By John Locke, Esq. A new edition. London: Printed by J. Crowder, Warwick-Square, for J. Johnson, in St. Paul's Church-yard, 1800. 142 pp. British Library.
• The Whole History of Navigation from its Original to this Time (1704). Extracted fromThe Works of John Locke, Ninth edition, 1794. Introductory Discourse to Churchill's Collection of Voyages.
• Some thoughts concerning education. By John Locke, Esq. The fourteenth edition. London: Printed for J. Whiston, W. Strahan, J. and F. Rivington, B. White, L. Davis, Hawes, Clarke and Collins, W. Johnston, W. Owen, T. Caslon, S. Crowder, T. Longman, B. Law, C. Rivington, E. Dilly, J. Wilkie, T. Cadell, S. Baker, T. Payne, T. Davies, G. Robinson, T. Becket, and J. Robson, 1772. 336 pp. Contents, Dedication, and instruction on educating children to read the Bible, pp. 231-233.
• An Abridgment of Mr. Locke's Essay concerning human understanding. The seventh edition, corrected. Dublin: Printed by John Exshaw, in Dame-street, 1769. 334 pp.
  • Extracts. Contents, Dedication by John Wynne, Introduction by Locke, Chapter X: Of our Knowledge of the Existence of a God; Chapter XVIII: Of Faith and Reason, and their distrinct Provinces; Chapter XIX: Of Enthusiasm.
  • An Essay concerning human understanding. Complete in one volume. 29th edition. London: Tegg and Co., 1841. Original from Oxford University Text-searchable.
  • An Essay concerning human understanding. All four books are presented. University of Oregon. Text-searchable.
  • Volume 2. Cummings & Hilliard and J. T. Buckingham, 1813.
    Extract: "The study of morality, I have above mentioned as that that becomes a gentleman; not barely as a man, but in order to his business as a gentleman. Of this there are books enough writ both by ancient and modern philosophers; but the morality of the gospel doth so exceed them all, that, to give a man a full knowledge of true morality, I shall send him to no other book, but the New Testament."
• Two Treatises of Government by John Locke. London, 1772. 385 pp.

  "Thus the law of nature stands as an eternal rule to all men, legislators as well as others. The rules that they make for other men's actions, must, as well as their own and other men's actions, be conformable to the law of nature, i.e. to the will of God, of which that is a declaration, and the fundamental law of nature being the preservation of mankind, no human sanction can be good, or valid against it."
  Book II, p. 285, Chapter XI, §135.

  "Human laws are measures in respect of men whose actions they must direct, howbeit such measures they are as have also their higher rules to be measured by, which rules are two, the law of God, and the law of nature; so that laws human must be made according to the general laws of nature, and without contradiction to any positive law of scripture, otherwise they are ill made."
  Book II, p. 285, Chapter XI, §135. Citing Richard Hooker, from Eccl. Pol. 1. iii, sect. 9 (1888 edition):
  "The same Thomas, therefore, whose definition of human laws we mentioned before, doth add thereunto this caution concerning the rule and canon whereby to make them: 'Human laws are measures in respect of men whose actions they must direct, howbeit such measures they are, as have also their higher rules to be measured by, which rules are two, the law of God and the law of Nature. So that laws human must be made according to the general laws of Nature, and without contradiction unto any positive law in Scripture, otherwise they are ill made.'

• James Peirce. A Paraphrase and notes on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Colossians, Philippians, and Hebrews: after the manner of Mr. Locke. To which are annexed several critical dissertations on particular texts of scripture. The second edition. By James Peirce, With a paraphrase and notes on the three last chapters of the Hebrews left unfinish'd by Mr. Peirce; and an essay to discover the Author of the Epistle and Language in which it was originally written, by Joseph Hallett, jun. London, 1733 [1737]. 604 pp. Contents: A paraphrase and notes on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Colossians, with an appendice upon Ephes. IV. 8. / [J. Peirce] London: J. Noon, 1725 -- A paraphrase and notes on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Philippians, to which are added two dissertations. One on Gal. IV. 21--v. 1. The other on Matth. II. l3, l4, l5./ James Peirce. London: J. Noon and S. Chandler, 1725 -- A paraphrase and notes on the Epistle to the Hebrews / J. Peirce. London: J. Noon and J. Chandler, 1734 -- A paraphrase and notes on the three last chapters of the Epistle to the Hebrews / Joseph Hallett. London: J. Purser, 1733 -- A paraphrase and critical commentary on the prophecy of Joel / Samuel Chandler. London: J. Noon, 1735.
• James Peirce. A Paraphrase and notes, on the Epistle to the Hebrews. London: Printed for J. Noon, at the White Hare, near Mercer's Chapel, Cheapside; and J. Chandler, at the Cross Keys in the Poultry, 1727. 199 pp.
• James Wilson. The Works of James Wilson, associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States: being his public discourses upon jurisprudence and the political science, including lectures as professor of law, 1790-2 / edited by James De Witt Andrews. Volume 1 of 2. Chicago, 1896. Chapter 2. "Of the General Principle of Law and Obligation", pp. 49-94.
  "I am equally far from believing that Mr. Locke was a friend to infidelity. But yet it is unquestionable, that the writings of Mr. Locke have facilitated the progress, and have given strength to the effects of skepticism. The high reputation which he deservedly acquired for his enlightened attachment to the mild and tolerating doctrines of Christianity secured to him the esteem and confidence of those who were its friends. The same high and deserved reputation inspired others of very different views and characters, with a design to avail themselves of its splendor, and, by that means, to diffuse a fascinating kind of lustre over their own tenets of a dark and sable hue. The consequence has been that the writings of Mr. Locke, one of the most able, most sincere, and most amiable assertors of Christianity and true philosophy, have been perverted to purposes which he would have deprecated and prevented had he discovered or foreseen them." - pp. 60-61.

Philosopher. Read more about Lorimer here.

• The Institutes of Law: A Treatise of the principles of jurisprudence as determined by nature. Edinburgh, 1872. 481 pp.

Historian. Read more about Lossing here and here.

• Martha Washington . New York, 1861. 24 pp.
• Eminent Americans comprising brief biographies of three hundred and thirty distinguished persons. New York, Mason Bros., 1857. viii, [9]-416 pp. front. illus. (ports.) Also here.
• The National History of the United States, from the period of the union of the colonies against the French, to the inauguration of Washington: Together with historical sketches of the continental presidents and an account of the public property of the United States. New York: Edward Walker, 1855. 2 vol.: ill., facsims., ports.; 26 cm. Volume 1. Volume 2.
• Lives of celebrated Americans: comprising biographies of three hundred and forty eminent persons. Hartford, Conn., 1869. 437 pp.
• Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of American Independence; the declaration historically considered, and a sketch of the leading events.. . Philadelphia, 1870. 382 pp.
• Description of the marriage of Pocahontas at Jamestown, Va., April 1613. From the original painting by H. Brueckner. New York, between 1887 and 1900. 9 pp.
• Life and Times of Washington, Volume 2, Revised, Enlarged, and Enriched.

Baptist minister.

• The Moral Influence of Rewards in a System of Education Founded Upon the Doctrine of the Word of God

• Christianity and the Civil Laws.

Congregationalist pastor. Read more about Macclintock here.

• Evidences of Christianity: A Sermon, delivered at the ordination of the Rev. Jesse Appleton, to the pastoral care of the Congregational Society in Hampton, February 22d, 1797. [Portsmouth, N.H.]: Printed at the Oracle-Press, in Portsmouth, N.H. by Charles Peirce., 1797. 24 pp.; 22 cm. (8vo)
• The Artifices of Deceivers detected, and Christians warned against them a Sermon preach'd at Greenland, in New-Hampshire, on Lord's Day July 22d. 1770. Portsmouth, New-Hampshire: Printed by Daniel and Robert Fowle, 1770. 34, [2] pp.; 22 cm. (8vo)
• An Oration, commemorative of the late illustrious General Washington pronounced at Greenland, February 22d, 1800; according to a recommendation of the Congress of the United States. Portsmouth, (New-Hampshire,): Printed at the United States' Oracle-Office, by Charles Peirce, 1800. 16 pp.; 21 cm. (8vo)
• A Sermon preached before the Honorable the Council, and the Honorable the Senate, and House of Representatives, of the State of New-Hampshire, June 3, 1784 On occasion of the commencement of the new Constitution and form of government. New-Hampshire: Portsmouth: Printed by Robert Gerrish., 1784. 47, [1] pp.; 21 cm. (8vo)
• The Justice of God in the Mortality of Mankind, and the benefit arising from thence to true believers, considered, in a Sermon preached at Greenland, February 25, 1759. Portsmouth, New-Hampshire: Printed and sold by Daniel Fowle., 1759. 32 pp.; 22 cm. (8vo)

Professor of history. Read about MacDonald here.

• Documentary Source Book of American History, 1606-1913. Edition: New and enlarged edition, with continuation to 1913. New York, Macmillan Co., 1916. xii p., 1 l., 656 pp. Also here. 1950 edition.

Scottish jurist and historian. Read about Mackintosh here and here.

• A Discourse on the study of the law of nature and nations. London: H. Goode, 1828. 92 pp.

See President Madison's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

Philosopher and mathematician. Read more about Bishop Madison here. Scroll to the bottom of the page

• A Discourse on the Death of General Washington, late President of the United States: delivered on the 22d of February, 1800, in the church in Williamsburg.

Clergyman. Read more about Magoon here.

• A Useful life and peaceful death; a discourse delivered before the legislature of North Carolina, December 18, 1842. Richmond [Va.]: Printed by H.K. Ellyson, 1843. 20 pp.; 21 cm.
• Orators of the American Revolution. 2nd Edition. New York: Baker and Scribner, 1848. xv, [17]-456 pp. front., ports. 19 cm. Contents: The battle-fields of early American eloquence -- James Otis, orator of intrepid passion -- Samuel Adams, last of the Puritans -- Josiah Quincy, orator of refined enthusiasm -- John Hancock, dignified cavalier of liberty -- Joseph Warren, type of our martial eloquence -- John Adams, orator of blended enthusiasm and sobriety -- Patriotic piety of '76 -- Patrick Henry, the incarnation of revolutionary zeal -- Richard Henry Lee, the polished statesman -- Alexander Hamilton, the master of political sagacity -- Fisher Ames, orator of genius and elaborate beauty -- William Pinkney, the accomplished counsellor -- William Wirt, the elegant advocate -- Thomas Addis Emmet, the orator of deep feeling -- John Randolph, the impersonation of sarcasm.
  Also here.
  
  The Patriotic Piety of '76.
  "The Revolutionary War was a struggle imposed on our fathers, not sought by them; injustice was in their esteem a legitimate cause for resistance, and all willingly shared in the discharge of a duty which none could doubt. Those who led in the church, and those who led in the field, were impelled by one conviction and labored together with the same design. One taught the law of justice, the other defended it; one was the voice of God, the other was His arm. Thus, the American Colonies, confederated by patriotism and piety long before they were united under a written constitution, felt that their resistance to oppression was a common cause, and simultaneously grasped a sword which. had been tempered in the fires of suffering and bedewed with the tears of the sanctified. Then were laity and clergy distributed to all the posts of defence--the chamber of council and the field of battle,--the rural church and the martial camp,--and from each station of trust and solicitude, fervent prayer ascended to heaven for favor on our arms.
  ... "Indeed, patriotism was a trait common to the great majority of our clergy, both before and during the Revolution. They sided with their country in all the disputes with Great Britain,--they prayed and preached in favor of Independence, and in several instances went so far as personally to take up arms. Jonathan Mahew, the famous leader of the Episcopal controversy, to whom Archbishop Seeker and Dr. Johnson replied, was not only an ecclesiastic of great literary accomplishments, but a republican of the boldest port. On every hand, intelligent and patriotic pastors contributed powerfully to prepare the people for prompt and persevering resistance against every encroachment on their rights."
• Eloquence and Liberty, An Oration delivered before the literary societies of Washington College, Lexington, Va., June 24, 1846. Richmond: H.K. Ellyson, 1846. 38 pp.; 22 cm.
• The Eloquence of the Colonial Times, with sketches of early American statesmen and patriots. Delivered before the New England Society of Cincinnati. Cincinnati, Derby, Bradley & Co., 1847. 96 pp. 19 cm.
• Oration delivered July 4th, 1848, at the laying of the corner stone of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, Cincinnati. Cincinnati: Gazette office, Wright, Fisher & Co., Printers, 1848. 23 pp.; 22 cm.
• Living Orators in America. New York, Baker and Scribner, 1849. 3 pp. l., v-ix, 462 pp. front., ports. 19 cm. Daniel Webster, the logician.--Edward Everett, the rhetorician.--Henry Clay, the politician.--John C. Calhoun, the metaphysician.--George McDuffle, the impetuous.--Lewis Cass, the courteous.--Thomas H. Benton, the magisterial.--William C. Preston, the inspired declaimer.--Thomas Corwin, the natural orator.
• Republican Christianity, or, True Liberty, as exhibited in the life, precepts, and early disciples of the Great Redeemer. Cincinnati: David Anderson, 1849. 422 pp. Also here.
• Westward Empire; or, The Great drama of human progress. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1856. xviii, 445 pp.
• Proverbs for the People; or, Illustrations of practical godliness drawn from the Book of wisdom. Boston: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, 1849. 272 pp. 20 cm.

American founding father and signer of the Articles of Confederation. Lawyer from Newport, Rhode Island and United States federal judge. Read about Marchant here, Marchant Family Collection at Martha's Vineyard (PDF), here,and here.

• Henry Marchant to Nicholas and John Brown. Letters of Delegates to Congress: Volume 7 May 1, 1777 - September 18, 1777.

  The preceding day Marchant wrote the following letter to his daughter Sarah. "It is no small Pleasure to find a growing and improving Correspondent in my Daughter Sally. Go on my Dear thus improving, and add daily one Virtue to another. And may God grant that his Grace may really affect your Heart with suitable Impressions of His Goodness. Remember that God made You, that God keeps you alive, and preserves you from all Harm, and gives You all the Powers and the Capacity whereby you are able to read of Him, and of Jesus Christ your Saviour and Redeemer, and to do every other needful Business of Life. And while you look around you and see the great Priveleges and Advantages you have above what other Children have, of learning to read and write, of being taught the meaning of the Great Truths of the Bible, you must remember not to be proud on that Account, but to bless God, and be thankful and endeavour in your turn to assist others with the knowledge you may gain. And be kind and good to all poor People, and poor Children that have not your Opportunity, especially in a kind and tender Manner assist your Sister and Brother. And at all Times remember the great Obligations you are under to your Parents for their Care of you, especially think from Day to Day how kind a Mama You have, how when you are sick she Nurses and provides for you. "I am much obliged to you for the Information You give me of the farming Business. Let us all be thankful to God for giving us such a Plenty of the Fruits of the Earth." Marchant Papers, RHi.

• Henry Marchant to His Children. Letters of delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, Volume 10, June 1 1778-Septmeber 30 1778. Philadelphia July 20th 1778. Also here.

  "I recd. your endearing Letter of the 7th of July this Day and you can't conceive what a heartfelt Satisfaction it gave me; go on my dear Children and strive to excell in all useful Knowledge, especially such as relates to God and that other World, where we are all to go. To them that behave well in this World, the next will be a World of Happiness indeed-but to such as do ill here, it will be a world of everlasting Torment. God grant that when we have all left this World, we may not be parted from each other in the World to come; but that all, Father and Mother, Brother and Sisters, may meet together, never to part again, but live a whole Eternity with God and Christ-with Abraham, Isaac & Jacob, and all other good Men & Women and Children who have gone there before us. Remember that God hates a Lye, and every thing that is dishonest-and that you must always be chearful and willing to do your Duty to God and Man, and to your Parents and to love one another and all good People, and that you must try to perswade naughty Children to behave better and to quit all their wicked words and ways, if they would ever expect to be happy."

• Henry Marchant to To: the Rhode Island Assembly. Letters of delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, Volume 10, June 1 1778-Septmeber 30 1778. Philadelphia Augt. 11th. 1778.

  "Last Thursday, Congress gave publick Audience to Monsr. Gerard, the Minister Plenipotentiary of France. It was an Important Day. An Important Transaction; and I hope replete with lasting Advantages to the United States in General, and much so to the State of Rhode Island in particular. By this Day, perhaps at this Moment, We are reaping the Blessings arising, from a Treaty with so powerful an ally. I think the Connection brought about by the Hand of Heaven, and that therefore, it promises to be as lasting as it is mutually beneficial, generous and noble. The particulars of the Proceedings of the Day, Your Honors, will have in the enclosed News Papers."

• Henry Marchant to To: the Rhode Island Assembly. Letters of delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, Volume 10, June 1 1778-Septmeber 30 1778. Philadelphia Augt. 17th. 1778.

  "We have had a long Series of very heavy Rains & Easterly Weather-This has brought one of Ld. Hows Galleys upon the Jersey Shore. They say that on Tuesday while closely pursued by the French Fleet She parted from the British Fleet & put away for New York having sprung a Leak, but gives us no further Particulars. Last Evening we had advice that four or five Ships were at Cape Henlopen firing for Pilots as was supposed, Whether those Ships are of either the two Fleets is uncertain-it is rather apprehended that both Fleets must have got scattered, if the Storm was as hard at Sea as it was here on Tuesday & almost the whole Week. As the Event is greatly interesting, relying upon the same kind Providence which hath hitherto so signally appeared for Us I remain in Hope of soon having an Account which shall do Honor to the American Arms, and call up afresh the most grateful Acknowledgement of the Divine Interposition on Our Behalf."

• Henry Marchant to To: John Sullivan. Letters of delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, Volume 10, June 1 1778-Septmeber 30 1778. Philadelphia Sepr. 12th. 1778.

• Henry Marchant to To: Robert Treat Paine. Letters of delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, Volume 10, June 1 1778-Septmeber 30 1778. Philadelphia Sepr. 19th. 1778.

English divine. Read about Marsh here.

• The National Religion the foundation of national education: A Sermon, preached in the cathedral church of St. Paul, London, on Thursday, June 13. 2nd ed. London, 1811. 33 pp.

• The United States manual of biography and history: comprising lives of the presidents and vice presidents of the United States, and the cabinet officers, from the adoption of the Constitution to the present day. Also, lives of the signers of the Declaration of independence, and of the old Articles of confederation, of the framers of the Constitution of the United States, and of the chief justices of the Supreme court of the United States. With authentic copies of the Declaration of independence, the Articles of confederation, and the Constitution of the United States. To which is prefixed an introductory history of the United States. . Philadelphia, 1856. 727 pp.

New York clergyman. Educator. Founder of the University of New York. Read about Mathews here and in Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Volume 4 by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske.

• The Bible and Civil Government: in a course of lectures. New York: Robert Carter, 1851. 278 pp.
  Among the other authorities to which I have referred, either in the body of the Lectures or in the Notes, and to which I feel myself indebted, are, Selden De Synedriis et Preefecturis Juridicis Veterum Ebroeorum-- Lowman on the Hebrew Government--Adams' Defence of the American Constitution--Paley's Moral Philosophy--Dwight's Theology--Michaelis' Commentaries on the Laws of Moses-- Jahn's Archaeology--Story on the Constitution of the United States--Kent's Commentaries --Chateaubriand's Beauties of Christianity-- De Tocqueville's Democracy in America-- Brougham's Political Philosophy--Hallam's Introduction to the Literature of the Middle Ages --Alison's History of Europe--and Macauley's History of England. To these I will add the name of Professor Wines. Although his lectures on the Hebrew Commonwealth have not yet been given from the press, they have been delivered in many of our principal cities, and have been received with an attention which was creditable to the public taste. I hope in due time to have the pleasure of reading what I have heard with profit and pleasure. The lectures of Professor Wines would form a valuable acquisition to the library of every man who wishes to become well acquainted with the Hebrew polity and the leading principles of Hebrew legislation.
  I have not always coincided with the views embraced by some of the writers to whom I have referred; and I have been the more careful to express my dissent from Michaelis, in order that my reference to his authority on some questions might not be interpreted as an indication that I embrace his sentiments on others.
  • The Biblical repository and classical review, Volume 6. 1850, pp. 762-763.
    The Bible And Civil Government, in a course of Lectures, by J. M. Mathews, D. D. New York: Carter & Brothers, 1850. We regard these lectures by Dr. Mathews as a most valuable contribution to the means of Biblical learning. They are five in number, and embrace the following topics: 1. Introductory Lecture, showing how fitly it corresponds with the goodness of God, that He should give to the world a distinct revelation on the subject of Civil Government; 2. Civil Government as ordained in the Commonwealth of the Hebrews; 3. Influence of Emigration on National Character; 4. General and Sound Education indispensable to Civil Freedom; 5. Agriculture as an Auxiliary to Civil Freedom. The general subject of the whole discussion, as announced by the Author himself in his first lecture, is The Connection between the Holy Scriptures and the Science of Civil Government; a subject full of interest to all classes of readers, but far less generally understood than it deserves to be. Dr. Mathews writes upon it with thorough scholarship and learning. His principles are solid and just, and his inferences philosophically drawn. In these days of sciolism and semi-infidelity, when we are flooded with a spring-tide of transcendental essays and soi-disant scientific lectures, and when a suicidal hand is attacking the Old Testament as the stronghold of war, slavery, and despotism, it is refreshing to hear a bold and manly voice, and to see a strong and vigorous arm raised in defence of that Venerable Record as the fountain, not only of all that is true and precious in religion, but of all that is wise, just, noble, dignified, compassionate, liberal, free, and comprehensive in government. Dr. Mathews has produced a book, which ought to be in the library of every divine, every statesman, every lawyer, every scholar, every friend of free and popular government, and, we will add, of every Sabbath-school and every Common-school in the land.
  • The Bible and Civil Government. The American Whig Review, Pages 93-646; pp. 511-518.
    He thinks, and we certainly concur in the opinion, that, when nations had begun to multiply on the earth, the Most High revealed his will respecting the origin and tenure of authority in a State. When he delivered his people out of Egyptian bondage, he forgot not their welfare as a nation, while he guided their faith as a church. He formed the Hebrews into a true commonwealth, and gave them laws and institutions embracing all the essential features of national freedom, or of a well-ordered republic. This religions aspect of the subject greatly enhances its claim upon our attention. How common an error it is, even in our day and country, to suppose that liberty was cradled in Greece, and that her sages were its fathers. This error is taught to our youth in the halls of learning, and proclaimed to our people from the halls of legislation. Our author holds a different doctrine. He believes that we must look beyond Athens or Sparta for the origin of a blessing so deeply interwoven with the welfare of man. He believes that it was not the wisdom of Greece, in the halls of the Acropolis, but the wisdom of God, speaking from heaven, through his servant Moses, which first taught how the rights of a people should be asserted and sustained. We heartily subscribe to this view, and cordially tender our thanks to Dr. Mathews for the distinct and emphatic enunciation which he has made of it. We trust that his book will go far towards correcting a mistake alike dishonoring to revelation and discreditable to our intelligence as a nation. Liberty to the masses, political and social equality, general competence and contentment, physical comfort, case of mind, repose and opportunity for reflection, moral and religious instruction to all men equally, --these were the paramount objects of the Hebrew Constitution, so far as its political relations were concerned. These features mark its kindred to our own, and set it widely apart and distinct from all other governments which existed with it and for many ages after it. Nothing can be wider of the truth than the idea, that it is in the political forms and usages of the Grecian and Roman commonwealths we are to seek the origin and elements of our own republican institutions. It is rather in that admirable frame of government, given by the oracle of Jehovah and established by the authority of the Supreme Ruler of the world, that we shall find the type and model of our own Constitution. Even the Declaration of American Independence,--that glorious charter of human freedom, which first sent forth its piercing tones from the State House in Philadelphia, and whose far-reaching reverberations have "troubled the thoughts" of many a tyrant, and caused "his knees to smite one against the other," the Declaration of Independence, we say, the pride of our own country, the terror of despots, and the animating pledge of liberty to the oppressed of every clime, was but an echo from the deep thunders of Mount Sinai.
    The leading design of our author, in his whole treatise, is to demonstrate the divine origin of civil freedom. His Introductory Lecture is chiefly taken up with showing how fitly it corresponds with the uniform goodness of God, that He should give to the world a distinct revelation of his will on this subject. This point is treated very effectively. "The commandment," says the Psalmist, that is, the divine revelation, "is exceeding broad." There is, as Dr. Mathews truly observes, an expansive power in the Bible, which reaches eveiy want and condition in life. It not only states great principles in the simplest and most intelligible forms; but it also teaches how these principles may be applied to the various relations, domestic, social, and political, which God has ordained for the well-being of society.
    ... First, "government by representation, the election of rulers by the ruled, the public officers chosen by the public voice." Of so much importance did the celebrated Chateaubriand regard this principle, that he classed it among " three or four discoveries that have created another universe." Dr. Mathews traces the origination of this great principle up to the inspired legislation of Moses. In this view, from an examination of the subject by no means narrow or slight, we fully coincide. The Reverend Doctor goes into an elaborate and conclusive argument, in which, however, our limits forbid us to follow him, to prove that the Jethronian judges or prefects were elected by the popular vote. He also contends that the twelve spies, the thirty-six men to survey and divide the land among the tribes, the Judges who succeeded Moses in the chief magistracy, and even the earlier kings, were chosen to their respective offices by the voice of the people, or of representatives acting in their name. The conclusion to which he comes, from his entire argument ou this point, is, that "the government was, in every just sense, a government of the people. The magistrate was chosen by the suffrages of those among whom he was to act; and at the same time well-known integrity and competency were the only qualifications required for any station, from the lowest to the highest. Authority, whether ordinary or extraordinary, emanated from those on whose behalf it was to be employed. After what forms elections may have been conducted, how nearly or remotely resembling those adopted in modern elective governments, are inquiries of small moment. They do not affect the position, that the officer held his office from an acknowledged constituency, and that his constituents were those over whom and among whom his authority was exercised."
    A second element of civil liberty, which, according to our author, was incorporated into the Hebrew Constitution, was that of "a Judiciary providing for the prompt and equal administration of justice between man and man." Courts of various grades were established, from high courts of appeal down to those ordained for every town. Care was taken that, in suits and proceedings at law, every man should have what was just and equal, without going far to seek it, without waiting long to obtain it, and without paying an exorbitant price for it. Dr. Mathews refers to such jurists and scholars as Hale, Hooker, Blackstone, Jones, Goguet, Grotius, Michaelis, Ames, Marshall, Story, and Kent, as having expressed the opinion that "there is not a civilized nation, of either ancient or modern times, which has not borrowed from the laws of Moses whatever is most essential to the administration of justice between man and man, or between nation and nation. The rules of evidence in conducting trials, the principles upon which verdicts should be rendered both in civil and criminal cases, together with the great institution of trial by jury, are all found, in greater or less development, in the statutes and ordinances given by God to the Hebrews."
  • The Bible and Civil Government. The American Review, Volume 12, Wiley and Putnam, 1850, pp. 511-518.
    The work, whose title we have placed al the head of this article, contains a series of five Lectures, delivered by the Rev. Dr. Mathews in the Capitol, at Washington city, during the winter of 1848. The Lectures were given, we believe, on the invitation of many distinguished members of both Houses of the American Congress, and were largely attended by the representative intelligence and wisdom of the nation. They attracted a large share of attention, and excited no little interest, at the time of their delivery. The desire was awakened in many minds to see them hi print; and in compliance with numerous solicitations from distinguished sources, the learned and accomplished author has at length committed them to the press."
    ... Our author makes two points in his argument on the antecedent probability of a distinct revelation from heaven concerning civil society and government The first is, the necessity of a well-adjusted civil constitution to men's domestic enjoyments; and the second, the influence of freedom on those higher faculties of man which reach beyond his social pleasures. The first of these points he illustrates by a graphic picture of the manifold oppressions, under which not the Israelites only, but all nations, were suffering at the time of the exode; the liberty, the happiness, and even the lives of the million being subject to the will of the one man who happened to wear the crown, and who, intoxicated with irresponsible power, ruled over men as over the beasts of the field. The inference is, that it well became Him, whose tender mercies are over all his works, to show how the government of a nation should be constituted so as most effectually to guard against such terrible evils."
    ... "From his exposition of the Civil Government of the Hebrews, Dr. Mathews derives several highly important practical inferences. It would be interesting and instructive to accompany him through this part of the discussion, but want of space forbids. To one only of his valuable lessons can we for a moment direct the reader's attention. It is this: As civil liberty originated in revelation, by revelation alone can it be sustained. As there can be no divorce between light and the sun, so can there be none between freedom and the Bible. Burn the Bible,' and liberty perishes with it. Just in proportion as it is known and reverenced in a nation, in the same proportion will a rational and regulated liberty, with its long and rich train of blessings, prevail in it. Everywhere and at all times, this divine book has been the efficient agency to build up, bless, and humanize society; to dignify and adorn social life; and to vindicate true liberty, while restraining licentiousness."
    ... "A second element of civil liberty, which, according to our author, was incorporated into the Hebrew Constitution, was that of "a Judiciary providing for the prompt and equal administration of justice between man and man." Courts of various grades were established, from high courts of appeal down to those ordained for every town. Care was taken that, in suits and proceedings at law, every man should have what was just and equal, without going far to seek it, without waiting long to obtain it, and without paying an exorbitant price for it, Dr. Mathews refers to such jurists and scholars as Hale, Hooker, Blackstone, Jones, Goguet, Grotius, Michaelis, Ames, Marshall, Story, and Kent, as having expressed the opinion that "there is not a civilized nation, of either ancient or modern times, which has not borrowed from the laws of Moses whatever is most essential to tbs administration of justice between man and man, or between nation and nation. The rules of evidence in conducting trials, the principles upon which verdicts should be rendered both in civil and criminal cases, together with the great institution of trial by jury, are all found, in greater or less development, in the statutes and ordinance given by God to the Hebrews."

Bishop of St David's.

• Religion and Allegiance: in two Sermons, preach'd before the King's Majesty. The one, on the 4th of July, an. 1627, at Oatlands. The other, on the 29. of July the same yeere, At Alderton. . London, 1709. 40 pp. Also here.

Pastor of the Third United Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

• Christianity and the Commonweal. Chicago Tribune, November 30, 1894, p. 8, Column B. This page includes other Thanksgiving coverage.
• Sermon on Catholicism. Pittsburgh Post, December 2, 1889, p. 3, Column A.

American educator. Read more about McGuffey here, here, and here.

• McGuffey's Fifth Eclectic Reader. Entries:
  William Ellery Channing. XCIII. RELIGION THE ONLY BASIS OF SOCIETY.
  1. Religion is a social concern; for it operates powerfully on society, contributing in various ways to its stability and prosperity. Religion is not merely a private affair; the community is deeply interested in its diffusion; for it is the best support of the virtues and principles, on which the social order rests. Pure and undefiled religion is to do good; and it follows, very plainly, that if God be the Author and Friend of society, then, the recognition of him must enforce all social duty, and enlightened piety must give its whole strength to public order.

  2. Few men suspect, perhaps no man comprehends, the extent of the support given by religion to every virtue. No man, perhaps, is aware how much our moral and social sentiments are fed from this fountain; how powerless conscience would become without the belief of a God; how palsied would be human benevolence, were there not the sense of a higher benevolence to quicken and sustain it; how suddenly the whole social fabric would quake, and with what a fearful crash it would sink into hopeless ruin, were the ideas of a Supreme Being, of accountableness and of a future life to be utterly erased from every mind.

  3. And, let men thoroughly believe that they are the work and sport of chance; that no superior intelligence concerns itself with human affairs; that all their improvements perish forever at death; that the weak have no guardian, and the injured no avenger; that there is no recompense for sacrifices to uprightness and the public good; that an oath is unheard in heaven; that secret crimes have no witness but the perpetrator; that human existence has no purpose, and human virtue no unfailing friend; that this brief life is everything to us, and death is total, everlasting extinction; once let them thoroughly abandon religion, and who can conceive or describe the extent of the desolation which would follow?

  4. We hope, perhaps, that human laws and natural sympathy would hold society together. As reasonably might we believe that were the sun quenched in the heavens, our torches would illuminate, and our fires quicken and fertilize the creation. What is there in human nature to awaken respect and tenderness, if man is the unprotected insect of a day? And what is he more, if atheism be true?

  5. Erase all thought and fear of God from a community, and selfishness and sensuality would absorb the whole man. Appetite, knowing no restraint, and suffering, having no solace or hope, would trample in scorn on the restraints of human laws. Virtue, duty, principle, would be mocked and spurned as unmeaning sounds. A sordid self-interest would supplant every feeling; and man would become, in fact, what the theory in atheism declares him to be,--a companion for brutes.

  Thomas S. Grimke. CXVI. THE BIBLE THE BEST OF CLASSICS.
  George P. Morris. CXVII. MY MOTHER'S BIBLE.

• "Philosphical Education" and "School Ethics". Extracted from The Western Academician and Journal of Education and Science. Cincinnati, 1837-1838. 708 pp.

• Introduction to the history of America ... designed to instruct American youth in the elements of the history of their own country, with a correct map of the United States of America. Philadelphia: Printed and sold by Young and M'Culloch ..., 1787. 207, [1] pp., 1 leaf of plates: 1 map; 18 cm. (12mo). (from t. p.) The history of Columbus -- An account of the discovery and settlement of North-America -- Geography of the United States -- History of the American war -- Declaration of Independence -- Gen. Washington's circular letter -- Addresses of Congress, and other papers relative to the Revolution -- A short account of the Constitution of each of the states -- The temporary form of government established by Congress for the new states laid off in the vacant territory -- Account of some of the natural curiosities in America -- Chronological table of the most remarkable events in America.

American statesman. Signer of the United States Constitution and the namesake of Fort McHenry, the bombardment of which inspired The Star-Spangled Banner. Delegate to the Continental Congress from Maryland, and the third United States Secretary of War from January 27, 1796 to May 13, 1800, under Presidents George Washington and John Adams. Read about McHenry here, here, and here.

• Bernard Christian Steiner. (1867-1926) One Hundred and Ten years of Bible Society work in Maryland, 1810-1920. [Baltimore]: Maryland Bible Society, 1921. 40 pp.: ill.; 23 cm.

  In 1813, James McHenry prepared an Address of the Bible Society of Baltimore to the Citizens of the State of Maryland, reprinted in the Report of the Maryland Bible Society for 1903. McHenry: "All Christians allow that the Old and New Testaments taken together, are the only books in the world which clearly reveal the nature of God, contain a perfect law for our government, propose the most powerful persuasions to obey this law, and furnish the best motives for patience and resignation, under every circumstance and vicissitude of life. Even those writers who deny their divinity, have yet acknowledged that the matters contained in them are, at last, calculated to make mankind wiser and better. These surprising and salutary effects the scriptures have unequivocally produced, and whenever they are read and attended to, will continue to produce. Facts so fully ascertained and so clearly demonstrating the great importance of circulating the sacred writings have (within these few years past) called the attention of men more particularly to this subject, and given rise to the establishment of Societies whse object is to encourage their circulation, by promoting the printing of them in all languages, and their distribution gratis, whenever they coud not be otherwise obtained."

  ... "[P]ublic utility pleads most forcibly for the general distribution of the Holy Scriptures. The doctrine they preach, the obligations they impose, the punishment they threaten, the rewards they promise, the stamp and image of divinity they bear, which produces a conviction of their truths, can alone secure to society, order and peace, and to our courts of justice and constitutions of government, purity, stability and usefulness. In vain, without the Bible, we increase penal laws and draw entrenchments around our institutions. Bibles are strong entrenchments. Where they abound, men cannot pursue wicked courses, and at the same time enjoy quiet conscience."

• Bernard Christian Steiner. The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry: Secretary of War. Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers Company, 1907. 640 pp.
• Papers of Dr. James McHenry on the Federal Convention of 1787. Philadelphia 14 May 1787. Hosted by The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. The Lillian Goldman Law Library in Memory of Sol Goldman.

See President McKinley's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

• Robert Percival Porter. Life of William McKinley, Soldier, Lawyer, Statesman. Published by The N. G. Hamilton publishing co., 1896. 439 pp. Speech before the Christian Endeavor Society, July 13, 1894.
• Inaugural Address, March 4, 1897.
  In obedience to the will of the people, and in their presence, by the authority vested in me by this oath, I assume the arduous and responsible duties of President of the United States, relying upon the support of my countrymen and invoking the guidance of Almighty God. Our faith teaches that there is no safer reliance than upon the God of our fathers, who has so singularly favored the American people in every national trial, and who will not forsake us so long as we obey His commandments and walk humbly in His footsteps.
  ...It has been the policy of the United States since the foundation of the Government to cultivate relations of peace and amity with all the nations of the world, and this accords with my conception of our duty now. We have cherished the policy of non-interference with affairs of foreign governments wisely inaugurated by Washington, keeping ourselves free from entanglement, either as allies or foes, content to leave undisturbed with them the settlement of their own domestic concerns. It will be our aim to pursue a firm and dignified foreign policy, which shall be just, impartial, ever watchful of our national honor, and always insisting upon the enforcement of the lawful rights of American citizens everywhere. Our diplomacy should seek nothing more and accept nothing less than is due us. We want no wars of conquest; we must avoid the temptation of territorial aggression. War should never be entered upon until every agency of peace has failed; peace is preferable to war in almost every contingency. Arbitration is the true method of settlement of international as well as local or individual differences.
  ...Let me again repeat the words of the oath administered by the Chief Justice which, in their respective spheres, so far as applicable, I would have all my countrymen observe: "I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." This is the obligation I have reverently taken before the Lord Most High. To keep it will be my single purpose, my constant prayer; and I shall confidently rely upon the forbearance and assistance of all the people in the discharge of my solemn responsibilities.

American historian. Civil engineer. Read about McMaster here, here, here and here.

• God the author of promotion, a Sermon preached in the New Presbyterian Church, New-York, on the 4th July, 1794, at the request of the Democratic Society and the military officers. New-York: From the Press of William Durell, no. 208, Pearl-Street., 1794. 24 pp.; 20 cm. (8vo)

Pastor. First president of Bowdoin College of Brunswick, Maine. Read about McKeen here.

• A Sermon, preached before the Honorable the Council, and the Honorable the Senate, and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, May 28, 1800, being the day of general election. By Joseph McKeen, A.M. Pastor of the First Church in Beverly. 30, [2] p. 24 cm. (8vo) Also here. Text-searchable. Matthew 5: "A city that is set on a hill, cannot be hid."
• The Inaugural Address, Delivered in Brunswick, September 9th, 1802, by Joseph M'Keen, at his entrance on the duties of president of Bowdoin College with, an eulogy, pronounced at his funeral, by William Jenks. Text-searchable.
  ... "It ought always to be remembered, that literary institutions are founded and endowed for the common good, and not for the private advantage of those who resort to them for education. It is not that they may be enabled to pass through life in an easy or reputable manner, but that their mental powers may be cultivated and improved for the benefit of society. It if be true, that no man should live to himself, we may safely assert, that every man who has been aided by a public institution to acquire an education, and to qualify himself for usefulness, is under peculiar obligations to exert his talents for the public good.
  "The governors and instructors of a literary institution owe to God and society the sacred duty of guarding the morals of the youth committed to their care. A young man of talents, who gains an acquaintance with literature and science, but at the same time imbibes irreligious and immoral principles, and contracts vicious habits at college, is likely to become a dangerous member of society. It had been better for him, and for the community, that he had lived in ignorance; in which case, he would have had less guilt, and possessed fewer mischievous accomplishments."
  ..."And now let me entreat all good men here present, who wish to see their fellow citizens enlightened, virtuous, free, and happy, to exert the portion of influence which they possess, in favor of this infant institution; and to unite in fervent supplications to the great Father of light, knowledge, and all good, that his blessing may descend upon this seminary; that it may eminently contribute to the advancement of useful knowledge, the religion of Jesus Christ, the best interests of man, and the glory of God."

American historian. Civil engineer. Read about McMaster here, here, here and here.

• Old Standards of Public Morals. Addressed to the American Historical Association, December 26, 1905. Published in The American Historical Review, Volume 11, No. 3, 515-528. April 1906. "... Under these standards of public morals all forms of religious belief were tolerated; yet only those men who exercised this toleration in such manner as to become Protestants or Christians could be eligible to offices of state. The preaching, as it should always be, was above the practice. The moral standard, as it should always be, was far in advance of the times. To the credit of the fathers, many of them soon overtook it. When the Federal Constitution was framed in 1787, Church and State were absolutely divorced. The word 'God' was nowhere inserted, and religious belief was nowhere recognized as a qualification for anything."
• A History of the people of the United States from the Revolution to the Civil War. Volume 1 of 6. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1884. University of Pittsburgh Digital Research Library. Text-searchable.
  We doubt whether any name in our Revolutionary history, not excepting that of Benedict Arnold, is quite so odious as that of Thomas Paine. Arnold was a traitor, Paine was an infidel. Indeed, the terms in which he is commonly described, and the epithets which are commonly heaped upon him, should seem to imply that of all infidels Paine was the blackest, and that since the day when the Age of Reason came forth from the press the number of infidels has increased much more rapidly than it did before that book was written. The truth is, he was one of the most remarkable men of his time. It would be a difficult matter to find anywhere another such compound of baseness and nobleness, of goodness and badness, of greatness and littleness, of so powerful a mind left unbalanced and led astray by the worst of animal passions.
  "Of all the human kind he is the filthiest and nastiest, and his disgusting habits grew upon him with his years. In his old age, when the frugal gifts of two States which remembered his good work and placed him beyond immediate want, he became a sight to behold. It was rare that he was sober; it was still rarer that he washed himself, and he suffered his nails to grow till, in the language of one who knew him well, they resembled the claws of birds. What gratitude was he did not know.
• A History of the people of the United States from the Revolution to the Civil War. v. 1. 1784-1790. 1938 -- v. 2. 1790-1803. 1885 -- v. 3. 1803-1812. 1937 -- v. 4. 1812-1821. 1932 -- v. 5. 1821-1830. 1900 -- v. 6. 1830-1842. 1932 -- v. 7. 1841-1850. 1938 -- v. 8. 1850--1861. 1913. New York : D. Appleton-Century, 1885-1938 8 v. : ill., maps.
  Volume 1 of 8. London, 1920.
  Volume 2 of 8. Russell & Russell, 1926. 516 pp.
  Volume 3 of 8. London, 1920.
  Volume 4 of 8. London, D. Appleton and company, 1914.
  Volume 5 of 8. New York and London, D. London and Co., 1924.
  Volume 6 of 8.
  Volume 7 of 8. New York and London, D. London and Co., 1926.
  Volume 8 of 8. 1914
  

Episcopal bishop. Read more about Meade here.

• Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia. 2 volumes. Philadelphia, J.B Lippincott & Co., 1878. 1897 edition. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott company, 1897.
  • Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia. Philadelphia, J.B Lippincott & Co., 1878.
    Volume 1.
    Volume 2.
  • Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia. Philadelphia, 1891.
    Volume 1. Also here.
    Volume 2.
  • Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia. Volume 2. Philadelphia, J.B Lippincott & Co., 1900. Also here.
  • Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia -- PDF version
  • Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia, Volume 2. Philadelphia, 1891. Extract.
• Reply of Bishops Meade, M'Ilvaine, and Burgess to the argument presented by the committee of the convention of the diocese of New Jersey, to the court of bishops, in session at Burlington for the trial of Bishop Doane.Philadelphia : T.K. and P.G. Collins, 1852. 28 pp.; 21 cm.

Presbyterian minister.

• A Discourse, delivered April 12, 1797, at the request of and before the New-York Society for Promoting the Manumission of Slaves, and Protecting Such of Them as Have Been or May Be Liberated. By Samuel Miller, A.M. One of the Ministers of the United Presbyterian Churches in the city of New-York, and member of said Society. New-York: Printed by T. and J. Swords, no. 99 Pearl-Street, --1797.-- 36 p. 21 cm. (8vo)
• Miller, Samuel, 1769-1850. A Sermon, delivered May 9, 1798: recommended, by the President of the United States, to be observed as a day of general humiliation, fasting, and prayer. / By Samuel Miller, A.M. One of the Ministers of the United Presbyterian Churches in the city of New-York. New-York: Printed by T. and J. Swords, 1798. 46, [2] pp.; 22 cm.
• A Sermon, preached in New-York, July 4th, 1793. Being the anniversary of the independence of America: at the request of the Tammany Society, or Columbian Order. By Samuel Miller, A.M. One of the Ministers of the United Presbyterian Churches, in the city of New-York. New-York-- : Printed by Thomas Greenleaf, 1793. 40 pp. 20 cm. (8vo)
• A Sermon, delivered in the New Presbyterian Church, New-York, July fourth, 1795, being the nineteenth anniversary of the independence of America: at the request of, and before, the Mechanic, Tammany, and Democratic Societies, and the military officers. By Samuel Miller, A.M. One of the Ministers of the United Presbyterian Churches, in the city of New-York. New-York: Printed by Thomas Greenleaf, 1795. 33, [3] p. 22 cm. (8vo)
• A Sermon, delivered December 29, 1799; occasioned by the death of General George Washington, late president of the United States, and commander in chief of the American armies. By Samuel Miller, A.M. One of the Ministers of the United Presbyterian Churches in the city of New-York. Published by request. New-York: Printed by T. & J. Swords, no. 99, Pearl-Street, 1800. 40 pp. 21 cm. (8vo)

New England reverend. Read about Mitchel here.

• With Sherman, John,1613-1685. Nehemiah on the wall in troublesom [sic] times; or, A serious and seasonable improvement of that great example of magistratical piety and prudence, self-denial and tenderness, fearlessness and fidelity, unto instruction and encouragement of present and succeeding rulers in our Israel. As it was delivered in a sermon preached at Boston in N.E. May 15. 1667. being the day of election there. Cambridge [Mass.] : Printed by S.G. [Samuel Green] and M.J. [Marmaduke Johnson], 1671. ([4], 34, [2] pp.) Text-searchable. University of Michigan.

See President Monroe's entry here at the American Presidents webpage.

• Contributions. Part 1, Part 2. Volume 7. Helena, Mont. [etc.], 1876-19--. 374 pp. 9 vols. Extract.

French writer, philosopher and publicist. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: "His magnum opus, the enormous The Spirit of the Laws (1750), contained an original classification of governments by their manner of conducting policy, an argument for the separation of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers, and a celebrated but less influential theory of the political influence of climate. The work profoundly influenced European and American political thought and was relied on by the framers of the U.S. Constitution." Read more about Baron Montesquieu here, and here.

• The Spirit of Laws. In two volumes. Translated from the French of M. De Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu. Tenth edition. Volume 1 of 2, 407 pp. Volume 2 of 2 . London, M.DCC.LXXIII. [1773]. 443 pp.
• The Spirit of Laws. In two volumes. Translated from the French of M. De Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu. Volume 1 of 2, 368 pp. Volume 2 of 2. Edition: 1st American from the 5th London ed. Worcester [Mass.]: Printed by Isaiah Thomas, jun. Sold by him, and by Matthew Carey, Philadelphia; also by the various booksellers throughout the United States, 1802. 392 pp.
  
• The Spirit of Laws. Text-searchable.

  CHAPTER I.- Of Religion in General.

  As amidst several degrees of darkness we may form a judgment of those which are the least thick, and among precipices, which are the least deep; so we may search among false religions, for those that are most conformable to the welfare of society; for those which, though they have not the effect of leading men to the felicity of another life, may contribute most to their happiness in this.

  I shall examine, therefore, the several religions of the world, in relation only to the good they produce in civil society ; whether I speak of that which has its root in heaven, or of those which spring from the earth.

  As in this work, I am not a divine, but a political writer, I may here advance things which are no otherwise true, than as they correspond with a worldly manner of thinking, not as considered in their relation to truths of a more sublime nature.

  With regard to the true religion, a person of the least degree of impartiality, must see that I have never pretended to make its interests submit to those of a political nature, but rather to unite them: now, in order to unite, it is necessary that we should know them.

  The Christian religion, which ordains that men should love each other, would, without doubt, have every nation blest with the best civil, the best political laws; because these, next to this religion, are the greatest good that men can give and receive. --Vol. II, Book XXIV, 1802 edition. "Of Laws as relative to Religion, considered in itself, and in its Doctrines," pp. 125-126. 1758 edition, pp. 144-145. 1793 edition, p. 129. 1873 edition, p. 119.

  CHAP. III.- That a moderate Government is most agreeable to the Christian Religion, and a despotic Government to the Mahometan.

  The Christian religion is a stranger to mere despotic power. The mildness so frequently recommended in the Gospel, is incompatible with the despotic rage with which a prince punishes his subjects, and exercises himself in cruelty.
  As this religion forbids the plurality of wives, its princes are less confined, less concealed from their subjects, and consequently have more humanity: they are more disposed to be directed by laws, and more capable of perceiving, that they cannot do whatever they please.
  While the Mahometan princes incessantly give or receive death, the religion of the Christians renders their princes less timid, and consequently less cruel. The prince confides in his subjects, and the subjects in the prince. How admirable the religion, which, while it only seems to have in view the felicity of the other life, continues the happiness of this!
  It is the Christian religion, that, in spite of the extent of the empire and the influence of the climate, has hindered despotic power from being established in Ethiopia, and has carried into the heart of Africa, the manners and laws of Europe.
  The heir to the Empire of Ethiopia (*" Description of Ethiopia." by M. Ponce, Physician. "Collection of Edifying Letters.") enjoys a principality and gives to other subjects an example of love and obedience. Not far thence may we see the Mahommedan shutting up the children of the King of Sennar, at whose death the Council sends to murder them, in favor of the prince who mounts the throne.
  Let us set before our eyes, on the one hand, the continual massacres of the kings and generals of the Greeks and Romans, and, on the other, the destruction of people and cities by those famous conquerors Timur Beg and Jenghiz Khan, who ravaged Asia, and we shall see that we owe to Christianity, in government, a certain political law; and in war, a certain law of nations--benefits which human nature can never sufficiently acknowledge.
  It is owing to this law of nations that among us victory leaves these great advantages to the conquered, life, liberty, laws, wealth, and always religion, when the conqueror is not blind to his own interest. --"Chap. III.--That a moderate Government is most agreeable to the Christian Religion, and a despotic Government to the Mahometan." 1873 edition, pp. 121-122.

  Men are governed by several kinds of laws: by the law of nature; by the divine law, which is that of religion; by ecclesiastical, otherwise called canon law, which is that of religious polity; by the law of nations, which may be considered as the civil law of the whole globe, in which sense every nation is a citizen; by the general political law, which relates to that human wisdom from whence all societies derive their origin; by the particular political law, the object of which is each society; by the law of conquest founded on this, that one nation has been willing and able, or has had a right to offer violence to another; by the civil law of every society, by which a citizen may defend his possessions and his life, against the attacks of any other citizen; in fine, by domestic law which proceeds from a society's being divided into several families, all which have need of a particular government.
  There are therefore different orders of laws, and the sublimity of human reason consists in perfectly knowing to which of these orders the things that are to be determined ought to have a principal relation, and not to throw into confusion those principles which should govern mankind." --Book XXVI. "Of Laws As Relative To The Order Of Things On Which They Determine. Chapter I.--Idea of this Book." 1873 edition, p. 156.

  There are kingdoms, in which the laws are of no value, as they depend only on the capricious and fickle humour of the sovereign. If in these kingdoms the laws of religion were of the same nature as the human institutions, the laws of religion too would be of no value. It is, however, necessary to the society that it should have something fixed; and it is religion that has this stability. 1873 edition, p. 157.

London: Printed for R. Griffiths, by A. Strahan.

• Art. 77. On Establishments in Religion and Religious Liberty. Monthly Review, December 1792, Vol. 9, pp. 477-478, 2 pp.
• Art. II. Church and State: being an Enquiry into the Origin, Nature, and Extent of Ecclesiastical and Civil Authority, with Reference to the British Constitution. Monthly Review, January 1796, Vol. 19, pp. 10-21, 12 pp.

• Editor. The Patriot Preachers of the American Revolution, with Biographical Sketches, 1766-1783. New York, 1860. 368 pp.

  Jonathan Mayhew. "The Snare Broken," a Thanksgiving Discourse, preached at the desire of the West Church in Boston, May 23, 1766. Occasioned by the Repeal of the Stamp-Act.

  Samuel Langdon. "Government Corrupted by Vice," a Sermon preached before the Honorable Congress of the Colony of Massachussets Bay, on the 31st of May, 1775.

  Jacob Duche. "The Duty of Standing Fast in Our Spiritual and Temporal Liberties," a Sermon preached in Christ Church, July 7th, 1775, before the first battalion of the city and liberties of Philadelphia.

  William Smith. "A Sermon on the Present Situation of American Affairs," preached in Christ Church, Philadelphia, June 23rd, 1775.

  John Joachim Zubly. "The Law of Liberty," a Sermon on American Affairs, preached at the opening of the Provincial Congress of Georgia, 1775.

  John Hurt. "The Love of Country," a Sermon preached before the Virginia Troops in New Jersey. 1777.

  William Gordon. "The Separation of the Jewish Tribes, after the death of Solomon, accounted for, and applied to the present day, in a Sermon, delivered on July 4, 1777.

  Nathaniel Whitaker. "An Antidote against Toryism, or the Curse of Meroz.

  Oliver Hart. "Dancing Exploded, a Sermon showing the unlawfulness, sinfulness, and bad consequences of Balls, Assemblies, and Dances in general;" delivered in Charleston, SC, 1778.

  Samuel Stillman. "A Sermon preached before the Honorable Council, and Honorable House of Representatives of the State of Massachusetts Bay, May 26th, 1779."

  David Tappan. "A Discourse delivered in the Third Parish in Newbury, Massachusetts, on the 1st of May, 1783, occasioned by the Ratification of the Treaty of Peace between Great Britain and the United States of America."

  John Rodgers. "The Divine Goodness Displayed in the American Revolution," a Sermon preached in New York, December 11th, 1783.

  George Duffield. "A Sermon preached in the Third Presbyterian Church in the City of Philadelphia, on December 11, 1783, on the Restoration of Peace."

Preacher.

• Of the truth and excellency of the gospel: a Sermon preach'd before the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts at their ... . London, 1713. 79 pp.

Bishop of the Episcopal Church's Diocese of Virginia. Read more about Moore here

• A Sermon, delivered in Trinity Church, on the 11th day of October, 1791: Before the Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in the State of New-York. / By the Rev. Richard C. Moore, Rector of St. Andrew's Church, Staten-Island; [Three lines of Scripture texts]. New-York: Printed by T. And J. Swords, William-Street, 1791. 15, [1] pp.; 20 cm. (8vo) "City on a hill", p. 13.
• Works.

Published in London, England: J. Lambert.

• News from America. Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser (London, England), Monday, June 10, 1776; Issue 2201. Extracts from the New York Constitutional Gazette, April 10 and April 17. The Address of the honorable Council and House of Representatives to his Excellency George Washington, Esq.; General and Commander in Chief of the Forces of the United Colonies.
  ... "The Supreme Ruler of the Universe having smiled on our arms, and crowned your labours with remarkable success, we are now, without that effusion of blood we so much wished to avoid, again in the quiet possession of our capital; the wisdom and prudence of those movements, which have obliged the enemy to abandon our metropolis, will be ever remembered by the inhabitants of this colony. May you still go on approved by Heaven, revered by all good men, and dreaded by those tyrants who claim their fellow men as their property!" ...

  With reply by Washington:
  ..."When the councils of the British nation had formed a plan for enslaving America, and depriving her sons of their most sacred and invaluable privileges, against the clearest remonstrances of the constitution--of justice and of truth; and to execute their schemes, had appealed to the sword, I esteemed it my duty to take a part in the contest, and more especially, on account of my being called thereto by the unsolicited representatives of a free people; wishing for no other reward than that arising from a conscientious discharge of the important trust, and that my services might contribute to the establishment of freedom and peace, upon a permanent foundation, and merit the applause of my countrymen, and every virtuous citizen."
  ... "That the metropolis of your colony is now relieved from the cruel and oppressive invasion of those who were sent to erect the standard of lawless domination, and to trample on the rights of humanity, and is again open and free for its rightful possessors, must give pleasure to every virtuous and sympathetic heart, and being effected without the blood of our soldiers and fellow citizens, must be ascribed to the interposition of that Providence, which has manifestly appeared in our behalf through the whole of this important struggle, as well as to the measures pursued for bringing about the happy event.
  "May that Being who is powerful to save, and in whose hands is the fate of nations, look down with an eye of tender pity and compassion upon the whole of the United colonies; may he continue to smile upon their counsels and arms, and crown them with success, whilst employed in the cause of virtue and mankind. May this distressed colony and its capital, and every part of this wide extended continent, through his divine favour, be restored to more than their former lustre and once happy state, and have peace, liberty, and safely secured upon a solid, permanent, and lasting foundation."

• "Lessons of Economy Afforded by America". The Morning Chronicle (London, England), Wednesday, January 30, 1822; Issue 16469. 2 pp. Extract from The Scotsman, January 26, 1822.

• Christian Life and Character of the civil institutions of the United States, developed in the official and historical annals of the Republic. Philadelphia; Cincinnati, 1864. 829 pp. Also here.

  The story of Christianity in America is one of the most astonishing chapters in the annals of the world. The events of Providence in reserving and preparing the country of these United States to be the theatre of its development and triumph, constitute one of the most remarkable passages of modern history.

  This is a Christian nation, first in name, and secondly because of the many and mighty elements of a pure Christianity which have given it character and shaped its destiny from the beginning. It is pre-eminently the land of the Bible, of the Christian Church, and of the Christian Sabbath. It is the land of great and extensive and oft-repeated revivals of a spiritual religion, the land of a free conscience and of free speech, the land of noble charities and of manifold and earnest efforts for the elevation and welfare of the human race. The chief security and glory of the United States of America has been, is now, and will be forever, the prevalence and domination of the Christian Faith. --p. 11.

  The state must rest upon the basis of religion, and it must preserve this basis, or itself must fall. But the support which religion gives to the state will obviously cease the moment religion looses its hold upon the popular mind. The very fact that the state must have religion as a support for its own authority demands that some means for teaching religion be employed. Better for it to give up all other instruction than that religion should be disregarded in its schools. The state itself has a more vital interest in this continued influence of religion over its citizens than in their culture in any other respect. --p. 72.

  The Christian faith and character of the men who formed the Constitution forbid the idea that they designed not to place the Constitution and its government under the providence and protection of God and the principles of the Christian religion. In all their previous state papers they had declared Christianity to be fundamental to the well-being of society and government, and in every form of official authority had stated this fact. The Declaration of Independence contained a solemn "appeal to the Supreme Judge of the world," and expressed "a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence." An article in the old Confederation had declared that "it had pleased the great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the legislatures we severally represent in Congress to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify, the said articles of confederation and perpetual union." The various States who had sent these good and great men to the convention to form a Constitution had, in all their civil charters, expressed, as States and as a people, their faith in God and the Christian religion. Most of the statesmen themselves were Christian men; and the convention had for its president George Washington, who everywhere paid a public homage to the Christian religion. --p. 249.

American statesman, delegate of Pennsylvania to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and author of large sections of the Constitution of the United States. Read about Morris here, here, and here. President John Adams on Morris, June 22, 1779. John Adams diary 29, 12 March - 31 July 1779: "In the Evening I fell into Chat with the Chevalier. He asked me, about Governeur Morris. I said it was his Christian Name -- that he was not Governor. The Chevalier said He had heard of him as an able Man. I said he was a young Man, chosen into Congress since I left it. That I had sat some Years with his Elder Brother in Congress. That Governeur was a Man of Wit, of and made pretty Verses -- but of a Character trs legere."